Chapter 7. Domain Membership
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## Chapter 7. Domain Membership

### John H. Terpstra

Samba Team

`<jht@samba.org>`

### Jeremy Allison

Samba Team

`<jra@samba.org>`

### Gerald (Jerry) Carter

Samba Team

`<jerry@samba.org>`

### Andrew Tridgell

Samba Team

`<tridge@samba.org>`

### Jelmer R. Vernooij

The Samba Team

`<jelmer@samba.org>`

### Guenther Deschner

LDAP updates
SuSE

`<gd@suse.de>`

Domain Membership is a subject of vital concern. Samba must be able to participate as a member server in a Microsoft Domain Security context, and Samba must be capable of providing Domain machine member trust accounts, otherwise it would not be able to offer a viable option for many users.

This chapter covers background information pertaining to Domain Membership, the Samba configuration for it, and MS Windows client procedures for joining a domain. Why is this necessary? Because both are areas in which there exists within the current MS Windows networking world and particularly in the UNIX/Linux networking and administration world, a considerable level of misinformation, incorrect understanding and a lack of knowledge. Hopefully this chapter will fill the voids.

## Features and Benefits

MS Windows workstations and servers that want to participate in Domain Security need to be made Domain Members. Participating in Domain Security is often called Single Sign On or SSO for short. This chapter describes the process that must be followed to make a workstation (or another server be it an MS Windows NT4 / 200x server) or a Samba server a member of an MS Windows Domain Security context.

Samba-3 can join an MS Windows NT4-style domain as a native member server, an MS Windows Active Directory Domain as a native member server, or a Samba Domain Control network. Domain Membership has many advantages:

- MS Windows workstation users get the benefit of SSO.

- Domain user access rights and file ownership/access controls can be set from the single Domain Security Account Manager (SAM) database (works with Domain Member servers as well as with MS Windows workstations that are Domain Members).

- Only MS Windows NT4/200x/XP Professional workstations that are Domain Members can use network logon facilities.

- Domain Member workstations can be better controlled through the use of Policy files (`NTConfig.POL`) and Desktop Profiles.

- Through the use of logon scripts, users can be given transparent access to network applications that run off application servers.

- Network administrators gain better application and user access management abilities because there is no need to maintain user accounts on any network client or server, other than the central Domain database (either NT4/Samba SAM style Domain, NT4 Domain that is backend-ed with an LDAP directory, or via an Active Directory infrastructure).

## MS Windows Workstation/Server Machine Trust Accounts

A Machine Trust Account is an account that is used to authenticate a client machine (rather than a user) to the Domain Controller server. In Windows terminology, this is known as a “Computer Account.” The purpose of the machine account is to prevent a rogue user and Domain Controller from colluding to gain access to a domain member workstation.

The password of a Machine Trust Account acts as the shared secret for secure communication with the Domain Controller. This is a security feature to prevent an unauthorized machine with the same NetBIOS name from joining the domain and gaining access to domain user/group accounts. Windows NT/200x/XP Professional clients use machine trust accounts, but Windows 9x/Me/XP Home clients do not. Hence, a Windows 9x/Me/XP Home client is never a true member of a Domain because it does not possess a Machine Trust Account, and, thus, has no shared secret with the Domain Controller.

A Windows NT4 PDC stores each Machine Trust Account in the Windows Registry. The introduction of MS Windows 2000 saw the introduction of Active Directory, the new repository for Machine Trust Accounts. A Samba PDC, however, stores each Machine Trust Account in two parts, as follows:

- A Domain Security Account (stored in the passdb backend that has been configured in the `smb.conf` file. The precise nature of the account information that is stored depends on the type of backend database that has been chosen.

  The older format of this data is the `smbpasswd` database that contains the UNIX login ID, the UNIX user identifier (UID), and the LanMan and NT encrypted passwords. There is also some other information in this file that we do not need to concern ourselves with here.

  The two newer database types are called ldapsam, and tdbsam. Both store considerably more data than the older `smbpasswd` file did. The extra information enables new user account controls to be implemented.

- A corresponding UNIX account, typically stored in `/etc/passwd`. Work is in progress to allow a simplified mode of operation that does not require UNIX user accounts, but this may not be a feature of the early releases of Samba-3.

There are three ways to create Machine Trust Accounts:

- Manual creation from the UNIX/Linux command line. Here, both the Samba and corresponding UNIX account are created by hand.

- Using the MS Windows NT4 Server Manager, either from an NT4 Domain Member server, or using the Nexus toolkit available from the Microsoft Web site. This tool can be run from any MS Windows machine as long as the user is logged on as the administrator account.

- “On-the-fly” creation. The Samba Machine Trust Account is automatically created by Samba at the time the client is joined to the domain. (For security, this is the recommended method.) The corresponding UNIX account may be created automatically or manually.

### Manual Creation of Machine Trust Accounts

The first step in manually creating a Machine Trust Account is to manually create the corresponding UNIX account in `/etc/passwd`. This can be done using vipw or another “add user” command that is normally used to create new UNIX accounts. The following is an example for a Linux-based Samba server:

    root# /usr/sbin/useradd -g machines -d /dev/null -c "machine nickname" \
       -s /bin/false machine_name$

    root# passwd -l machine_name$

In the above example above there is an existing system group “machines” which is used as the primary group for all machine accounts. In the following examples the “machines” group has numeric GID equal 100.

On *BSD systems, this can be done using the chpass utility:

    root# chpass -a \
    'machine_name$:*:101:100::0:0:Windows machine_name:/dev/null:/sbin/nologin'

The `/etc/passwd` entry will list the machine name with a “$” appended, will not have a password, will have a null shell and no home directory. For example, a machine named “doppy” would have an `/etc/passwd` entry like this:

    doppy$:x:505:100:machine_nickname:/dev/null:/bin/false

Above, `machine_nickname` can be any descriptive name for the client, i.e., BasementComputer. `machine_name` absolutely must be the NetBIOS name of the client to be joined to the domain. The “$” must be appended to the NetBIOS name of the client or Samba will not recognize this as a Machine Trust Account.

Now that the corresponding UNIX account has been created, the next step is to create the Samba account for the client containing the well-known initial Machine Trust Account password. This can be done using the smbpasswd command as shown here:

    root# smbpasswd -a -m machine_name

where `machine_name` is the machine's NetBIOS name. The RID of the new machine account is generated from the UID of the corresponding UNIX account.

### Join the client to the domain immediately

Manually creating a Machine Trust Account using this method is the equivalent of creating a Machine Trust Account on a Windows NT PDC using the Server Manager. From the time at which the account is created to the time the client joins the domain and changes the password, your domain is vulnerable to an intruder joining your domain using a machine with the same NetBIOS name. A PDC inherently trusts members of the domain and will serve out a large degree of user information to such clients. You have been warned!

### Managing Domain Machine Accounts using NT4 Server Manager

A working add machine script script is essential for machine trust accounts to be automatically created. This applies no matter whether one uses automatic account creation, or if one wishes to use the NT4 Domain Server Manager.

If the machine from which you are trying to manage the domain is an MS Windows NT4 workstation or MS Windows 200x/XP Professional, the tool of choice is the package called SRVTOOLS.EXE. When executed in the target directory it will unpack SrvMgr.exe and UsrMgr.exe (both are domain management tools for MS Windows NT4 workstation).

If your workstation is a Microsoft Windows 9x/Me family product you should download the Nexus.exe package from the Microsoft web site. When executed from the target directory this will unpack the same tools but for use on this platform.

Further information about these tools may be obtained from the following locations:

http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;173673
http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;172540

Launch the srvmgr.exe (Server Manager for Domains) and follow these steps:

Procedure 7.1. Server Manager Account Machine Account Management

1. From the menu select Computer.

2. Click Select Domain.

3. Click the name of the domain you wish to administer in the Select Domain panel and then click OK.

4. Again from the menu select Computer.

5. Select Add to Domain.

6. In the dialog box, click the radio button to Add NT Workstation of Server, then enter the machine name in the field provided, and click the Add button.

### On-the-Fly Creation of Machine Trust Accounts

The second (and recommended) way of creating Machine Trust Accounts is simply to allow the Samba server to create them as needed when the client is joined to the domain.

Since each Samba Machine Trust Account requires a corresponding UNIX account, a method for automatically creating the UNIX account is usually supplied; this requires configuration of the add machine script option in `smb.conf`. This method is not required, however, corresponding UNIX accounts may also be created manually.

Here is an example for a Red Hat Linux system.

`[global]`
# <...remainder of parameters...>
`add machine script = /usr/sbin/useradd -d /dev/null -g 100 \`
`-s /bin/false -M %u`

### Making an MS Windows Workstation or Server a Domain Member

The procedure for making an MS Windows workstation or server a member of the domain varies with the version of Windows.

#### Windows 200x/XP Professional Client

When the user elects to make the client a Domain Member, Windows 200x prompts for an account and password that has privileges to create machine accounts in the domain. A Samba Administrator Account (i.e., a Samba account that has `root` privileges on the Samba server) must be entered here; the operation will fail if an ordinary user account is given.

For security reasons, the password for this Administrator Account should be set to a password that is other than that used for the root user in `/etc/passwd`.

The name of the account that is used to create Domain Member machine accounts can be anything the network administrator may choose. If it is other than `root` then this is easily mapped to `root` in the file named in the `smb.conf` parameter username map = /etc/samba/smbusers.

The session key of the Samba Administrator Account acts as an encryption key for setting the password of the machine trust account. The Machine Trust Account will be created on-the-fly, or updated if it already exists.

#### Windows NT4 Client

If the Machine Trust Account was created manually, on the Identification Changes menu enter the domain name, but do not check the box Create a Computer Account in the Domain. In this case, the existing Machine Trust Account is used to join the machine to the domain.

If the Machine Trust Account is to be created on-the-fly, on the Identification Changes menu enter the domain name and check the box Create a Computer Account in the Domain. In this case, joining the domain proceeds as above for Windows 2000 (i.e., you must supply a Samba Administrator Account when prompted).

#### Samba Client

Joining a Samba client to a domain is documented in Domain Member Server.

## Domain Member Server

This mode of server operation involves the Samba machine being made a member of a domain security context. This means by definition that all user authentication will be done from a centrally defined authentication regime. The authentication regime may come from an NT3/4-style (old domain technology) server, or it may be provided from an Active Directory server (ADS) running on MS Windows 2000 or later.

Of course it should be clear that the authentication backend itself could be from any distributed directory architecture server that is supported by Samba. This can be LDAP (from OpenLDAP), or Sun's iPlanet, or NetWare Directory Server, and so on.

### Note

When Samba is configured to use an LDAP, or other identity management and/or directory service, it is Samba that continues to perform user and machine authentication. It should be noted that the LDAP server does not perform authentication handling in place of what Samba is designed to do.

Please refer to Domain Control, for more information regarding how to create a domain machine account for a Domain Member server as well as for information on how to enable the Samba Domain Member machine to join the domain and be fully trusted by it.

### Joining an NT4-type Domain with Samba-3

Next table lists names that have been used in the remainder of this chapter.

Table 7.1. Assumptions

NetBIOS name: | SERV1
Windows 200x/NT domain name: | MIDEARTH
Domain's PDC NetBIOS name: | DOMPDC
Domain's BDC NetBIOS names: | DOMBDC1 and DOMBDC2

First, you must edit your `smb.conf` file to tell Samba it should now use domain security.

Change (or add) your security line in the [global] section of your `smb.conf` to read:

`security = domain`

Next change the workgroup line in the `[global]` section to read:

`workgroup = MIDEARTH`

This is the name of the domain we are joining.

You must also have the parameter encrypt passwords set to `yes` in order for your users to authenticate to the NT PDC. This is the default setting if this parameter is not specified. There is no need to specify this parameter, but if it is specified in the `smb.conf` file, it must be set to `Yes`.

Finally, add (or modify) a password server line in the [global] section to read:

`password server = DOMPDC DOMBDC1 DOMBDC2`

These are the primary and backup Domain Controllers Samba will attempt to contact in order to authenticate users. Samba will try to contact each of these servers in order, so you may want to rearrange this list in order to spread out the authentication load among Domain Controllers.

Alternately, if you want smbd to automatically determine the list of Domain Controllers to use for authentication, you may set this line to be:

`password server = *`

This method allows Samba to use exactly the same mechanism that NT does. The method either uses broadcast-based name resolution, performs a WINS database lookup in order to find a Domain Controller against which to authenticate, or locates the Domain Controller using DNS name resolution.

To join the domain, run this command:

    root# net join -S DOMPDC -UAdministrator%password

If the `-S DOMPDC` argument is not given, the domain name will be obtained from `smb.conf`.

The machine is joining the domain DOM, and the PDC for that domain (the only machine that has write access to the domain SAM database) is DOMPDC, therefore use the `-S` option. The `Administrator%password` is the login name and password for an account that has the necessary privilege to add machines to the domain. If this is successful, you will see the message in your terminal window the text shown below. Where the older NT4 style domain architecture is used:

    Joined domain DOM.

Where Active Directory is used:

    Joined SERV1 to realm MYREALM.

Refer to the net man page for further information.

This process joins the server to the domain without having to create the machine trust account on the PDC beforehand.

This command goes through the machine account password change protocol, then writes the new (random) machine account password for this Samba server into a file in the same directory in which a smbpasswd file would be normally stored:

    /usr/local/samba/private/secrets.tdb
    or
    /etc/samba/secrets.tdb.

This file is created and owned by root and is not readable by any other user. It is the key to the Domain-level security for your system, and should be treated as carefully as a shadow password file.

Finally, restart your Samba daemons and get ready for clients to begin using domain security. The way you can restart your Samba daemons depends on your distribution, but in most cases the following will suffice:

    root# /etc/init.d/samba restart

### Why Is This Better Than `security = server`?

Currently, domain security in Samba does not free you from having to create local UNIX users to represent the users attaching to your server. This means that if Domain user `DOM\fred` attaches to your Domain Security Samba server, there needs to be a local UNIX user fred to represent that user in the UNIX file system. This is similar to the older Samba security mode security = server, where Samba would pass through the authentication request to a Windows NT server in the same way as a Windows 95 or Windows 98 server would.

Please refer to Winbind: Use of Domain Accounts chapter, for information on a system to automatically assign UNIX UIDs and GIDs to Windows NT Domain users and groups.

The advantage to Domain-level security is that the authentication in Domain-level security is passed down the authenticated RPC channel in exactly the same way that an NT server would do it. This means Samba servers now participate in domain trust relationships in exactly the same way NT servers do (i.e., you can add Samba servers into a resource domain and have the authentication passed on from a resource domain PDC to an account domain PDC).

In addition, with security = server, every Samba daemon on a server has to keep a connection open to the authenticating server for as long as that daemon lasts. This can drain the connection resources on a Microsoft NT server and cause it to run out of available connections. With security = domain, however, the Samba daemons connect to the PDC/BDC only for as long as is necessary to authenticate the user and then drop the connection, thus conserving PDC connection resources.

And finally, acting in the same manner as an NT server authenticating to a PDC means that as part of the authentication reply, the Samba server gets the user identification information such as the user SID, the list of NT groups the user belongs to, and so on.

### Note

Much of the text of this document was first published in the Web magazine LinuxWorld as the article http://www.linuxworld.com/linuxworld/lw-1998-10/lw-10-samba.html Doing the NIS/NT Samba.

## Samba ADS Domain Membership

This is a rough guide to setting up Samba-3 with Kerberos authentication against a Windows 200x KDC. A familiarity with Kerberos is assumed.

### Configure `smb.conf`

You must use at least the following three options in `smb.conf`:

`realm = your.kerberos.REALM`
`security = ADS`
# The following parameter need only be specified if present.
# The default setting is not present is Yes.
`encrypt passwords = yes`

In case samba cannot correctly identify the appropriate ADS server using the realm name, use the password server option in `smb.conf`:

`password server = your.kerberos.server`

### Note

You do not need a smbpasswd file, and older clients will be authenticated as if security = domain, although it will not do any harm and allows you to have local users not in the domain.

### Configure `/etc/krb5.conf`

With both MIT and Heimdal Kerberos, it is unnecessary to configure the `/etc/krb5.conf`, and it may be detrimental.

Microsoft Active Directory servers automatically create SRV records in the DNS zone `_kerberos.REALM.NAME` for each KDC in the realm. This is part of the installation and configuration process used to create an Active Directory Domain.

MIT's, as well as Heimdal's, recent KRB5 libraries default to checking for SRV records, so they will automatically find the KDCs. In addition, `krb5.conf` only allows specifying a single KDC, even there if there may be more than one. Using the DNS lookup allows the KRB5 libraries to use whichever KDCs are available.

When manually configuring `krb5.conf`, the minimal configuration is:

    [libdefaults]
    	default_realm = YOUR.KERBEROS.REALM

    [realms]
    	YOUR.KERBEROS.REALM = {
    	kdc = your.kerberos.server
    	}

    [domain_realms]
    	.kerberos.server = YOUR.KERBEROS.REALM

When using Heimdal versions before 0.6 use the following configuration settings:

    [libdefaults]
    	default_realm      = YOUR.KERBEROS.REALM
    	default_etypes     = des-cbc-crc des-cbc-md5
    	default_etypes_des = des-cbc-crc des-cbc-md5

    [realms]
            YOUR.KERBEROS.REALM = {
            kdc = your.kerberos.server
    	}

    [domain_realms]
            .kerberos.server = YOUR.KERBEROS.REALM

Test your config by doing a `kinit `USERNAME`@`REALM`` and making sure that your password is accepted by the Win2000 KDC.

With Heimdal versions earlier than 0.6.x you only can use newly created accounts in ADS or accounts that have had the password changed once after migration, or in case of `Administrator` after installation. At the moment, a Windows 2003 KDC can only be used with a Heimdal releases later than 0.6 (and no default etypes in krb5.conf). Unfortunately this whole area is still in a state of flux.

### Note

The realm must be in uppercase or you will get “Cannot find KDC for requested realm while getting initial credentials” error (Kerberos is case-sensitive!).

### Note

Time between the two servers must be synchronized. You will get a “kinit(v5): Clock skew too great while getting initial credentials” if the time difference is more than five minutes.

Clock skew limits are configurable in the Kerberos protocols. The default setting is five minutes.

You also must ensure that you can do a reverse DNS lookup on the IP address of your KDC. Also, the name that this reverse lookup maps to must either be the NetBIOS name of the KDC (i.e., the hostname with no domain attached) or it can alternately be the NetBIOS name followed by the realm.

The easiest way to ensure you get this right is to add a `/etc/hosts` entry mapping the IP address of your KDC to its NetBIOS name. If you do not get this correct then you will get a local error when you try to join the realm.

If all you want is Kerberos support in smbclient then you can skip directly to Testing with smbclient now. Create the Computer Account and Testing Server Setup are needed only if you want Kerberos support for smbd and winbindd.

### Create the Computer Account

As a user who has write permission on the Samba private directory (usually root), run:

    root#  net ads join -U Administrator%password

When making a Windows client a member of an ADS domain within a complex organization, you may want to create the machine account within a particular organizational unit. Samba-3 permits this to be done using the following syntax:

    root#  kinit Administrator@your.kerberos.REALM
    root#  net ads join “organizational_unit”

For example, you may want to create the machine account in a container called “Servers” under the organizational directory “Computers\BusinessUnit\Department” like this:

    root#  net ads join "Computers\BusinessUnit\Department\Servers"

#### Possible Errors

ADS support not compiled in

  Samba must be reconfigured (remove config.cache) and recompiled (make clean all install) after the Kerberos libraries and headers files are installed.

net ads join prompts for user name

  You need to login to the domain using `kinit `USERNAME`@`REALM``. `USERNAME` must be a user who has rights to add a machine to the domain.

Unsupported encryption/or checksum types

  Make sure that the `/etc/krb5.conf` is correctly configured for the type and version of Kerberos installed on the system.

### Testing Server Setup

If the join was successful, you will see a new computer account with the NetBIOS name of your Samba server in Active Directory (in the “Computers” folder under Users and Computers.

On a Windows 2000 client, try `net use * \\server\share`. You should be logged in with Kerberos without needing to know a password. If this fails then run `klist tickets`. Did you get a ticket for the server? Does it have an encryption type of DES-CBC-MD5?

### Note

Samba can use both DES-CBC-MD5 encryption as well as ARCFOUR-HMAC-MD5 encoding.

### Testing with smbclient

On your Samba server try to login to a Win2000 server or your Samba server using smbclient and Kerberos. Use smbclient as usual, but specify the `-k` option to choose Kerberos authentication.

### Notes

You must change administrator password at least once after DC install, to create the right encryption types.

Windows 200x does not seem to create the `_kerberos._udp` and `_ldap._tcp` in the default DNS setup. Perhaps this will be fixed later in service packs.

## Sharing User ID Mappings between Samba Domain Members

Samba maps UNIX users and groups (identified by UIDs and GIDs) to Windows users and groups (identified by SIDs). These mappings are done by the `idmap` subsystem of Samba.

In some cases it is useful to share these mappings between Samba Domain Members, so name->id mapping is identical on all machines. This may be needed in particular when sharing files over both CIFS and NFS.

To use the LDAP `ldap idmap suffix`, set:

`ldap idmap suffix = ou=Idmap,dc=quenya,dc=org`

See the `smb.conf` man page entry for the ldap idmap suffix parameter for further information.

Do not forget to specify also the ldap admin dn and to make certain to set the LDAP administrative password into the `secrets.tdb` using:

    root#  smbpasswd -w ldap-admin-password

## Common Errors

In the process of adding/deleting/re-adding Domain Member machine accounts, there are many traps for the unwary player and many “little” things that can go wrong. It is particularly interesting how often subscribers on the Samba mailing list have concluded after repeated failed attempts to add a machine account that it is necessary to “re-install” MS Windows on the machine. In truth, it is seldom necessary to reinstall because of this type of problem. The real solution is often quite simple and with an understanding of how MS Windows networking functions, it is easy to overcome.

### Cannot Add Machine Back to Domain

“A Windows workstation was re-installed. The original domain machine account was deleted and added immediately. The workstation will not join the domain if I use the same machine name. Attempts to add the machine fail with a message that the machine already exists on the network I know it does not. Why is this failing?”

The original name is still in the NetBIOS name cache and must expire after machine account deletion before adding that same name as a Domain Member again. The best advice is to delete the old account and then add the machine with a new name.

### Adding Machine to Domain Fails

“Adding a Windows 200x or XP Professional machine to the Samba PDC Domain fails with a message that, `The machine could not be added at this time, there is a network problem. Please try again later.' Why?”

You should check that there is an add machine script in your `smb.conf` file. If there is not, please add one that is appropriate for your OS platform. If a script has been defined, you will need to debug its operation. Increase the log level in the `smb.conf` file to level 10, then try to rejoin the domain. Check the logs to see which operation is failing.

Possible causes include:

- The script does not actually exist, or could not be located in the path specified.

  Corrective action: Fix it. Make sure when run manually that the script will add both the UNIX system account and the Samba SAM account.

- The machine could not be added to the UNIX system accounts file `/etc/passwd`.

  Corrective action: Check that the machine name is a legal UNIX system account name. If the UNIX utility useradd is called, then make sure that the machine name you are trying to add can be added using this tool. Useradd on some systems will not allow any upper case characters nor will it allow spaces in the name.

The add machine script does not create the machine account in the Samba backend database, it is there only to create a UNIX system account to which the Samba backend database account can be mapped.

### I Can't Join a Windows 2003 PDC

Windows 2003 requires SMB signing. Client side SMB signing has been implemented in Samba-3.0. Set client use spnego = yes when communicating with a Windows 2003 server.

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