This chapter describes the procedures for managing system processes.For information on the procedures associated with managing system processes, see the following:Managing System Processes (Task Map) Managing Process Class Information (Task Map) For overview information about managing system processes, see the following:Commands for Managing System Processes Managing Process Class Information Task Description For Instructions List processes. Use the ps command to list all the processes on a system. How to List Processes Display information about processes. Use the pgrep command to obtain the process IDs for processes that you want to display more information about. How to Display Information About Processes Control processes. Locate processes by using the pgrep command. Then, use the appropriate pcommand (/proc) to control the process. See Table 12–3 for a description of the (/proc) commands. How to Control Processes Kill a process. Locate a process, either by process name or process ID. You can use either the pkill or kill commands to terminate the process. How to Terminate a Process (pkill)How to Terminate a Process (kill) The following table describes the commands for managing system processes.Command Description Man Page ps, pgrep, prstat, pkill Checks the status of active processes on a system, as well as displays detailed information about the processes ps1, pgrep1, andprstat1M pkill Functions identically to pgrep but finds or signals processes by name or other attribute and terminates the process. Each matching process is signaled as if by the kill command, instead of having its process ID printed. pgrep1, and pkill1kill1 pargs, preap Assists with processes debugging pargs1, and preap1 dispadmin Lists default process scheduling policies dispadmin1M priocntl Assigns processes to a priority class and manages process priortities priocntl1 nice Changes the priority of a timesharing process nice1 psrset Binds specific process groups to a group of processors rather than to just a single processor psrset1M The Solaris Management Console's Processes tool enables you to manage processes with a user-friendly interface. For information on using and starting the Solaris Management Console, see Chapter 2, Working With the Solaris Management Console (Tasks), in System Administration Guide: Basic Administration.The ps command enables you to check the status of active processes on a system, as well as display technical information about the processes. This data is useful for administrative tasks such as determining how to set process priorities.Depending on which options you use, the ps command reports the following information:Current status of the process Process ID Parent process ID User ID Scheduling class Priority Address of the process Memory used CPU time used The following table describes some fields that are reported by the ps command. Which fields are displayed depend on which option you choose. For a description of all available options, see the ps1 man page.Field Description UID The effective user ID of the process's owner. PID The process ID. PPID The parent process ID. C The processor xutilization for scheduling. This field is not displayed when the c option is used. CLS The scheduling class to which the process belongs such as real-time, system, or timesharing. This field is included only with the c option. PRI The kernel thread's scheduling priority. Higher numbers indicate a higher priority. NI The process's nice number, which contributes to its scheduling priority. Making a process “nicer” means lowering its priority. ADDR The address of the proc structure. SZ The virtual address size of the process. WCHAN The address of an event or lock for which the process is sleeping. STIME The starting time of the process in hours, minutes, and seconds. TTY The terminal from which the process, or its parent, was started. A question mark indicates that there is no controlling terminal. TIME The total amount of CPU time used by the process since it began. CMD The command that generated the process. You can display detailed information about the processes that are listed in the /proc directory by using process commands. The following table lists the /proc process commands. The /proc directory is also known as the process file system (PROCFS). Images of active processes are stored here by their process ID number.Process Command Description pcred Displays process credential information pfiles Reports fstat and fcntl information for open files in a process pflags Prints /proc tracing flags, pending signals and held signals, and other status information pldd Lists the dynamic libraries that are linked into a process pmap Prints the address space map of each process psig Lists the signal actions and handlers of each process prun Starts each process pstack Prints a hex+symbolic stack trace for each lwp in each process pstop Stops each process ptime Times a process by using microstate accounting ptree Displays the process trees that contain the process pwait Displays status information after a process terminates pwdx Displays the current working directory for a process For more information, see proc1.The process tools are similar to some options of the ps command, except that the output that is provided by these commands is more detailed. In general, the process commands do the following:Display more information about processes, such as fstat and fcntl, working directories, and trees of parent and child processes Provide control over processes by allowing users to stop or resume them You can display detailed, technical information about processes or control active processes by using some of the process commands. Table 12–3 lists some of the /proc commands.If a process becomes trapped in an endless loop, or if the process takes too long to execute, you might want to stop (kill) the process. For more information about stopping processes using the kill or the pkill command, see Chapter 12, Managing System Processes (Tasks). The /proc file system is a directory hierarchy that contains additional subdirectories for state information and control functions.The /proc file system also provides an xwatchpoint facility that is used to remap read-and-write permissions on the individual pages of a process's address space. This facility has no restrictions and is MT-safe.Debugging tools have been modified to use /proc's xwatchpoint facility, which means that the entire xwatchpoint process is faster.The following restrictions have been removed when you set xwatchpoints by using the dbx debugging tool:Setting xwatchpoints on local variables on the stack due to SPARC based system register windows Setting xwatchpoints on multithreaded processes For more information, see the proc4, and mdb1 man pages. Use the ps command to list all the processes on a system. $ ps [-efc]psDisplays only the processes that are associated with your login session. efDisplays full information about all the processes that are being executed on the system. cDisplays process scheduler information. The following example shows output from the ps command when no options are used. $ ps PID TTY TIME COMD 1664 pts/4 0:06 csh 2081 pts/4 0:00 psThe following example shows output from the ps ef command. This output shows that the first process that is executed when the system boots is sched (the swapper) followed by the init process, pageout, and so on. $ ps -ef UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD root 0 0 0 Dec 20 ? 0:17 sched root 1 0 0 Dec 20 ? 0:00 /etc/init - root 2 0 0 Dec 20 ? 0:00 pageout root 3 0 0 Dec 20 ? 4:20 fsflush root 374 367 0 Dec 20 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/saf/ttymon root 367 1 0 Dec 20 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/saf/sac -t 300 root 126 1 0 Dec 20 ? 0:00 /usr/sbin/rpcbind root 54 1 0 Dec 20 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/sysevent/syseventd root 59 1 0 Dec 20 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/picl/picld root 178 1 0 Dec 20 ? 0:03 /usr/lib/autofs/automountd root 129 1 0 Dec 20 ? 0:00 /usr/sbin/keyserv root 213 1 0 Dec 20 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/lpsched root 154 1 0 Dec 20 ? 0:00 /usr/sbin/inetd -s root 139 1 0 Dec 20 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/netsvc/yp/ypbind ... root 191 1 0 Dec 20 ? 0:00 /usr/sbin/syslogd root 208 1 0 Dec 20 ? 0:02 /usr/sbin/nscd root 193 1 0 Dec 20 ? 0:00 /usr/sbin/cron root 174 1 0 Dec 20 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/nfs/lockd daemon 175 1 0 Dec 20 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/nfs/statd root 376 1 0 Dec 20 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/ssh/sshd root 226 1 0 Dec 20 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/power/powerd root 315 1 0 Dec 20 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/nfs/mountd root 237 1 0 Dec 20 ? 0:00 /usr/lib/utmpd . . . Obtain the process ID of the process that you want to display more information about. # pgrep processwhere process is the name of the process you want to display more information about.The process ID is displayed in the first column of the output. Display the process information that you need. # /usr/bin/pcommand pidpcommandIs the (/proc) command that you want to run. Table 12–3 lists and describes these commands. pidIdentifies the process ID. The following example shows how to use process commands to display more information about a cron process. # pgrep cron 1 4780 # pwdx 4780 2 4780: /var/spool/cron/atjobs # ptree 4780 3 4780 /usr/sbin/cron # pfiles 4780 4 4780: /usr/sbin/cron Current rlimit: 256 file descriptors 0: S_IFCHR mode:0666 dev:290,0 ino:6815752 uid:0 gid:3 rdev:13,2 O_RDONLY|O_LARGEFILE /devices/pseudo/mm@0:null 1: S_IFREG mode:0600 dev:32,128 ino:42054 uid:0 gid:0 size:9771 O_WRONLY|O_APPEND|O_CREAT|O_LARGEFILE /var/cron/log 2: S_IFREG mode:0600 dev:32,128 ino:42054 uid:0 gid:0 size:9771 O_WRONLY|O_APPEND|O_CREAT|O_LARGEFILE /var/cron/log 3: S_IFIFO mode:0600 dev:32,128 ino:42049 uid:0 gid:0 size:0 O_RDWR|O_LARGEFILE /etc/cron.d/FIFO 4: S_IFIFO mode:0000 dev:293,0 ino:4630 uid:0 gid:0 size:0 O_RDWR|O_NONBLOCK 5: S_IFIFO mode:0000 dev:293,0 ino:4630 uid:0 gid:0 size:0 O_RDWRObtains the process ID for the cron process Displays the current working directory for the cron process Displays the process tree that contains the cron process Displays fstat and fcntl information Obtain the process ID of the process that you want to control.# pgrep processwhere process is the name of the process you want to control.The process ID displayed in the first column of the output. Use the appropriate process command to control the process.# /usr/bin/pcommand pidpcommandIs the process (/proc) command that you want to run. Table 12–3 lists and describes these commands. pidIdentifies the process ID. Verify the process status.# ps -ef | grep pid The following example shows how to use process command to stop and restart the dtpad process.# pgrep dtpad 1 2921 # pstop 29212 # prun 2921 3Obtains the process ID for the dtpad process Stops the dtpad process Restarts the dtpad process Sometimes, you might need to stop (kill) a process. The process might be in an endless loop. Or, you might have started a large job that you want to stop before it is completed. You can kill any process that you own. Superuser can kill any process in the system except for those processes with process IDs of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4. Killing these processes most likely will crash the system. For more information, see the pgrep1 and pkill1 and kill1 man pages. Become superuser or assume an equivalent role to terminate the process of another user. Obtain the process ID for the process that you want to terminate.$ pgrep processwhere process is the name of the process that you want to terminate.For example:$ pgrep netscape 587 566The process ID is displayed in the output.To obtain process information on a Sun Ray, use the following commands:# ps -fu userThis command lists all user processes.# ps -fu user | grep processThis command locates a specific process for a user. Terminate the process.$ pkill [signal] processsignalWhen no signal is included in the pkill command-line syntax, the default signal that is used is –15 (SIGTERM). Using the –9 signal (SIGKILL) with the pkill command ensures that the process terminates promptly. However, the –9 signal should not be used to kill certain processes, such as a database process, or an LDAP server process. The result is that data might be lost. processIs the name of the process to stop. When using the pkill command to terminate a process, first try using the command by itself, without including a signal option. Wait a few minutes to see if the process terminates before using the pkill command with the -9 signal. Verify that the process has been terminated.$ pgrep processThe process you terminated should no longer be listed in the output of the pgrep command. Become superuser or assume an equivalent role to terminate the process of another user. Obtain the process ID of the process that you want to terminate.$ ps -fu userwhere user is the user that you want to display processes for.For example:$ ps -fu userabc userabc 328 323 2 Mar 12 ? 10:18 /usr/openwin/bin/Xsun :0 -nobanner -auth /var/dt/A:0-WmayOa userabc 366 349 0 Mar 12 ? 0:00 /usr/openwin/bin/fbconsole userabc 496 485 0 Mar 12 ? 0:09 /usr/dt/bin/sdtperfmeter -f -H -t cpu -t disk -s 1 -name fpperfmeter userabc 349 332 0 Mar 12 ? 0:00 /bin/ksh /usr/dt/bin/Xsession userabc 440 438 0 Mar 12 pts/3 0:00 -csh -c unsetenv _ PWD; unsetenv DT; setenv DISPLAY :0; userabc 372 1 0 Mar 12 ? 0:00 /usr/openwin/bin/speckeysd userabc 438 349 0 Mar 12 pts/3 0:00 /usr/dt/bin/sdt_shell -c unset . . .The process ID is displayed in the first column of the output. Terminate the process.$ kill [signal-number] pidsignalWhen no signal is included in the kill command-line syntax, the default signal that is used is –15 (SIGKILL). Using the –9 signal (SIGTERM) with the kill command ensures that the process terminates promptly. However, the –9 signal should not be used to kill certain processes, such as a database process, or an LDAP server process. The result is that data might be lost. pidIs the process ID of the process that you want to terminate. When using the kill command to stop a process, first try using the command by itself, without including a signal option. Wait a few minutes to see if the process terminates before using the kill command with the -9 signal. Verify that the process has been terminated.$ pgrep pidThe process you terminated should no longer be listed in the output of the pgrep command. The pargs command and the preap command improve process debugging. The pargs command prints the arguments and environment variables associated with a live process or core file. The preap command removes defunct (zombie) processes. A zombie process has not yet had its exit status claimed by its parent. These processes are generally harmless but can consume system resources if they are numerous. You can use the pargs and preap commands to examine any process that you have the privileges to examine. As superuser, you can examine any process.For information on using the preap command, see the preap1 man page. For information on the using the pargs command, see the pargs1 man page. See also, the proc1 man page.The pargs command solves a long-standing problem of being unable to display with the ps command all the arguments that are passed to a process. The following example shows how to use the pargs command in combination with the pgrep command to display the arguments that are passed to a process.# pargs `pgrep ttymon` 579: /usr/lib/saf/ttymon -g -h -p system-name console login: -T sun -d /dev/console -l argv[0]: /usr/lib/saf/ttymon argv[1]: -g argv[2]: -h argv[3]: -p argv[4]: system-name console login: argv[5]: -T argv[6]: sun argv[7]: -d argv[8]: /dev/console argv[9]: -l argv[10]: console argv[11]: -m argv[12]: ldterm,ttcompat 548: /usr/lib/saf/ttymon argv[0]: /usr/lib/saf/ttymonThe following example shows how to use the pargs e command to display the environment variables that are associated with a process.$ pargs -e 6763 6763: tcsh envp[0]: DISPLAY=:0.0 Task Description For Instructions Display basic information about process classes. Use the priocntl -l command. to Display process scheduling classes and priority ranges. How to Display Basic Information About Process Classes (priocntl) Display the global priority of a process. Use the ps ecl command to display the global priority of a process. How to Display the Global Priority of a Process Designate a process priority. Start a process with a designated priority by using the priocntl e c command. How to Designate a Process Priority (priocntl) Change scheduling parameters of a timesharing process. Use the priocntl s m command to change scheduling parameters in a timesharing process. How to Change Scheduling Parameters of a Timesharing Process (priocntl) Change the class of a process. Use the priocntl s c command to change the class of a process. How to Change the Class of a Process (priocntl) Change the priority of a process. Use the /usr/bin/nice command with the appropriate options to lower or raise the priority of a process. How to Change the Priority of a Process (nice) The following list identifies the process scheduling classes that can be configured on your system. Also included is the user priority range for the timesharing class. The possible process scheduling classes are as follows:Fair share (FSS) Fixed (FX) System (SYS) Interactive (IA) Real-time (RT) Timesharing (TS)The user-supplied priority ranges from -60 to +60. The priority of a process is inherited from the parent process. This priority is referred to as the user-mode priority. The system looks up the user-mode priority in the timesharing dispatch parameter table. Then, the system adds in any nice or priocntl (user-supplied) priority and ensures a 0–59 range to create a global priority. The scheduling priority of a process is the priority assigned by the process scheduler, according to scheduling policies. The dispadmin command lists the default scheduling policies. For more information, see the dispadmin1M man page.You can use the priocntl command to assign processes to a priority class and to manage process priorities. For instructions on using the priocntl command to manage processes, see How to Designate a Process Priority (priocntl). Display process scheduling classes and priority ranges with the priocntl -l command. $ priocntl -l The following example shows output from the priocntl -l command. # priocntl -l CONFIGURED CLASSES ================== SYS (System Class) TS (Time Sharing) Configured TS User Priority Range: -60 through 60 FX (Fixed priority) Configured FX User Priority Range: 0 through 60 IA (Interactive) Configured IA User Priority Range: -60 through 60 Display the global priority of a process by using the ps command. $ ps -eclThe global priority is listed under the PRI column. The following example shows ps -ecl command output. The values in the PRI column show that the pageout process has the highest priority, while the sh process has the lowest priority.$ ps -ecl F S UID PID PPID CLS PRI ADDR SZ WCHAN TTY TIME COMD 19 T 0 0 0 SYS 96 f00d05a8 0 ? 0:03 sched 8 S 0 1 0 TS 50 ff0f4678 185 ff0f4848 ? 36:51 init 19 S 0 2 0 SYS 98 ff0f4018 0 f00c645c ? 0:01 pageout 19 S 0 3 0 SYS 60 ff0f5998 0 f00d0c68 ? 241:01 fsflush 8 S 0 269 1 TS 58 ff0f5338 303 ff49837e ? 0:07 sac 8 S 0 204 1 TS 43 ff2f6008 50 ff2f606e console 0:02 sh &rolePAstepOpt.sgm;Start a process with a designated priority.# priocntl -e -c class -m user-limit -p pri command-nameeExecutes the command. c classSpecifies the class within which to run the process. The valid classes are TS (timesharing), RT (real time), IA (interactive), FSS (fair share), and FX (fixed priority). m user-limitWhen you use the p option, specifies the maximum amount you can raise or lower your priority, p pri command-nameLets you specify the relative priority in the RT class for a real-time thread. For a timesharing process, the p option lets you specify the user-supplied priority, which ranges from -60 to +60. Verify the process status.# ps -ecl | grep command-name The following example shows how to start the find command with the highest possible user-supplied priority. # priocntl -e -c TS -m 60 -p 60 find . -name core -print # ps -ecl | grep find &rolePAstepOpt.sgm;Change the scheduling parameters of a running timesharing process. # priocntl -s -m user-limit [-p user-priority] -i idtype idlistsLets you set the upper limit on the user priority range and change the current priority. m user-limitWhen you use the p option, specifies the maximum amount you can raise or lower the priority. p user-priorityAllows you to designate a priority. i xidtype xidlistUses a combination of xidtype and xidlist to identify the process or processes. The xidtype specifies the type of ID, such as the process ID or the user ID. Use xidlist to identify a list of process IDs or user IDs. Verify the process status. # ps -ecl | grep idlist The following example shows how to execute a command with a 500-millisecond time slice, a priority of 20 in the RT class, and a global priority of 120.# priocntl -e -c RT -m 500 -p 20 myprog # ps -ecl | grep myprog Become superuser or assume an equivalent role. Change the class of a process.# priocntl -s -c class -i idtype idlistsLets you set the upper limit on the user priority range and change the current priority. c classSpecifies the class, TS for time-sharing or RT for real-time, to which you are changing the process. i idtype idlistUses a combination of xidtype and xidlist to identify the process or processes. The xidtype specifies the type of ID, such as the process ID or user ID. Use xidlist to identify a list of process IDs or user IDs. You must be superuser or working in a real-time shell to change a process from, or to, a real-time process. If, as superuser, you change a user process to the real-time class, the user cannot subsequently change the real-time scheduling parameters by using the priocntl -s command. Verify the process status.# ps -ecl | grep idlist The following example shows how to change all the processes that belong to user 15249 to real-time processes.# priocntl -s -c RT -i uid 15249 # ps -ecl | grep 15249 The nice command is only supported for backward compatibility to previous Solaris releases. The priocntl command provides more flexibility in managing processes. The priority of a process is determined by the policies of its scheduling class and by its nice number. Each timesharing process has a global priority. The global priority is calculated by adding the user-supplied priority, which can be influenced by the nice or priocntl commands, and the system-calculated priority. The execution priority number of a process is assigned by the operating system. The priority number is determined by several factors, including the process's scheduling class, how much CPU time it has used, and in the case of a timesharing process, its nice number. Each timesharing process starts with a default nice number, which it inherits from its parent process. The nice number is shown in the NI column of the ps report.A user can lower the priority of a process by increasing its user-supplied priority. However, only superuser can lower a nice number to increase the priority of a process. This restriction prevents users from increasing the priorities of their own processes, thereby monopolizing a greater share of the CPU.The nice numbers range from 0 to +39, with 0 representing the highest priority. The default nice value for each timesharing process is 20. Two versions of the command are available: the standard version, /usr/bin/nice, and the C shell built-in command. Using this procedure, a user can lower the priority of a process. However, superuser can raise or lower the priority of a process.This section describes the syntax of the /usr/bin/nice command and not the C-shell built-in nicecommand. For information about the C-shell nice command, see the csh1 man page. Determine whether you want to change the priority of a process, either as a user or as superuser. Then, select one of the following:As a user, follow the examples in Step 2 to lower the priority of a command. As a superuser, follow the examples in Step 3 to raise or lower priorities of a command. As a user, lower the priority of a command by increasing the nice number.The following nice command executes command-name with a lower priority by raising the nice number by 5 units.$ /usr/bin/nice -5 command-nameIn the preceding command, the minus sign designates that what follows is an option. This command could also be specified as follows:% /usr/bin/nice -n 5 command-nameThe following nice command lowers the priority of command-name by raising the nice number by the default increment of 10 units, but not beyond the maximum value of 39.% /usr/bin/nice command-name As superuser or assuming an equivalent role, raise or lower the priority of a command by changing the nice number.The following nice command raises the priority of command-name by lowering the nice number by 10 units, but not below the minimum value of 0.# /usr/bin/nice --10 command-nameIn the preceding command, the first minus sign designates that what follows is an option. The second minus sign indicates a negative number.The following nice command lowers the priority of command-name by raising the nice number by 5 units, but not beyond the maximum value of 39.# /usr/bin/nice -5 command-name For more information, see the nice1 man page. Here are some tips on obvious problems you might encounter:Look for several identical jobs that are owned by the same user. This problem might occur because of a running script that starts a lot of background jobs without waiting for any of the jobs to finish. Look for a process that has accumulated a large amount of CPU time. You can identify this problem by checking the TIME field in the ps output. Possibly, the process is in an endless loop. Look for a process that is running with a priority that is too high. Use the ps -c command to check the CLS field, which displays the scheduling class of each process. A process executing as a real-time (RT) process can monopolize the CPU. Or, look for a timesharing (TS) process with a high nice number. A user with superuser privileges might have increased the priority of a process. The system administrator can lower the priority by using the nice command. Look for a runaway process. A runaway process progressively uses more and more CPU time. You can identify this problem by looking at the time when the process started (STIME) and by watching the cumulation of CPU time (TIME) for a while.