This chapter provides step-by-step instructions for writing and copying data CDs and DVDs and audio CDs with the cdrw command.How to Restrict User Access to Removable Media With RBAC How to Identify a CD or DVD Writer How to Check the CD or DVD Media How to Create an ISO 9660 File System for a Data CD or DVD How to Create a Multi-Session Data CD How to Create an Audio CD How to Extract an Audio Track on a CD How to Copy a CD How to Erase CD-RW Media You can use the cdrw command to write file systems for CDs and DVDs in ISO 9660 format with Rock Ridge or Joliet extensions on CD-R,CD-RW, DVD-RW, or DVD+RW media devices.You can use the cdrw command to perform the following tasks:Create data CDs and DVDs. Create audio CDs. Extract audio data from an audio CD. Copy CDs and DVDs. Erase CD-RW media. The cdrw command is available starting in the following releases:Software Supplement for the Solaris 8 Operating Environment 1/01 CD Part of the Solaris release starting in the Solaris 9 release For information on recommended CD-R or CD-RW devices, go to:http://www.sun.com/io_technologies/ihvindex.htmlThis section defines commonly used terms related to CD/DVD media.Term Description CD-R CD read media that can be written once and after that, can only be read from. CD-RW CD rewritable media that can be written to and erased. CD-RW media can only be read by CD-RW devices. DVD-R Digital video disk (recordable) that can be written once and after that, can only be read from. These devices have much larger capacity than CD-R media. DVD+R Digital video disk (recordable) that can be written once and after that, can only be read from. DVD+R devices have more complete error management system than DVD-R, which allows for more accurate burning to media, independent of the quality of the media. DVD-RW Digital video disk (rewritable) with storage capacity equal to a DVD-R. This media can be re-recorded by first erasing the entire disk. DVD+RW Digital video disk (random-access rewritable) with storage capacity equal to a DVD+R. This medium allows overwriting of individual blocks without erasing the entire disk. DVD-RAM Digital video disk (random access memory, rewritable) with circular rather than spiral tracks and hard sectoring. ISO 9660 ISO, an acronym for Industry Standards Organization, is an organization that sets standards for computer storage formats.An ISO 9660 file system is a standard CD or DVD file system that enables you to read the same CD or DVD on any major computer platform. The standard, issued in 1988, was written by an industry group named High Sierra, named after the High Sierra Hotel in Nevada. Almost all computers with CD or DVD drives can read files from an ISO 9660 file system. Joliet extensionsRock Ridge extensions Adds Windows file system information.Adds UNIX file system information. (Rock Ridge is named after the town in the movie Blazing Saddles.)These extensions are not exclusive. You can specify both mkisofs R and j options for compatibility with both systems. (See mkisofs(1M) for details.) MMC-compliant recorder Acronym for Multi Media Command, which means these recorders comply with a common command set. Programs that can write to one MMC-compliant recorder should be able to write to all other recorders. Red Book CDDA Acronym for Compact Disc Digital Audio, which is an industry standard method for storing digital audio on compact discs. Also known by the term “Red Book” format. The official industry specification calls for one or more audio files sampled in 16-bit stereo sound at a sampling rate of 44.1 kilohertz (kHz). Commonly used terms when writing to CD media are:Term Description blanking The process of erasing data from the CD-RW media. mkisofs The command to create ISO file system on a CD. session A complete track with lead-in and lead-out information. track A complete data or audio unit. The process of writing to a CD or DVD cannot be interrupted and needs a constant stream of data. Consider using the cdrw S option to simulate writing to the media to verify that the system can provide data at a sufficient rate for writing to the CD or DVD.Write errors can be caused by one of the following problems:The media cannot handle the drive speed. For example, some media are only certified for 2x or 4x speeds. The system is running too many heavy processes that are starving the writing process. Network congestion is causing delays in reading the image, and the image is on a remote system. The source drive is slower than the destination drive. If any of these problems occur, you can lower the writing speed of the device by using the cdrw p option.For example, the following command shows how to simulate writing at 4x speed:$ cdrw -iS -p 4 image.isoCD-R, CD-RW (not MRW formatted), DVD-R, and DVD-RW media support simulation mode (S), but DVD-RAM, DVD+R, DVD+RW, and any MRW-formatted media and some others do not support simulation mode. The following message is displayed if simulation mode is not supported:Media does not support simulated writingFor more information about media types, see CD/DVD Media Commonly Used Terms. You can also use the cdrw C option to use the stated media capacity for copying an 80-minute CD. Otherwise, the cdrw command uses a default value of 74 minutes for copying an audio CD.For more information, see cdrw1.By default, all users can access removable media starting in the Solaris 9 release. However, you can restrict user access to removable media by setting up a role through role-based access control (RBAC). Access to removable media is restricted by assigning the role to a limited set of users.For a discussion of using roles, see Role-Based Access Control (Overview) in System Administration Guide: Security Services. Become superuser or assume an equivalent role. Start the Solaris Management Console.$ /usr/sadm/bin/smc & For more information on starting the console, see Starting the Solaris Management Console in System Administration Guide: Basic Administration. Set up a role that includes the Device Management rights.For more information, see Chapter 9, Using Role-Based Access Control (Tasks), in System Administration Guide: Security Services. Add users who need to use the cdrw command to the newly created role. Comment the following line in the /etc/security/policy.conf file:AUTHS_GRANTED=solaris.device.cdrwIf you do not do this step, all users still have access to the cdrw command, not just the members of the device management role.After this file is modified, the device management role members are the only users who can use the cdrw command. Everyone else is denied access with the following message:Authorization failed, Cannot access disks. Identify the CD or DVD writers on the system.For example:$ cdrw -l Looking for CD devices... Node | Connected Device | Device type ----------------------+--------------------------------+----------------- cdrom0 | YAMAHA CRW8824S 1.0d | CD Reader/Writer Identify a specific CD or DVD writer.For example:$ cdrw -a filename.wav -d cdrom2 Identify whether the media is blank or whether a table of contents exists on the media.For example:$ cdrw -M Device : YAMAHA CRW8824S Firmware : Rev. 1.00 (26/04/00) Media is blank % The cdrw command works with or without removable media services running. For more information about disabling or enabling removable media services, see How to Disable or Enable Removable Media Services. Insert a CD or DVD into the drive.The CD or DVD can be any CD or DVD that the drive can read. Check that the drive is connected properly by listing the drive.$ cdrw -l Looking for CD devices... Node Connected Device Device type ----------------------+--------------------------------+----------------- cdrom1 | YAMAHA CRW8824S 1.0d | CD Reader/Writer (Optional) If you do not see the drive in the list, select one of the following so that the system recognizes the drive.Add the drive without rebooting the system# drvconfig # disksThen restart removable media services. Prepare the data first by using the mkisofs command to convert the file and file information into the High Sierra format used on CDs or DVDs. Insert a blank CD or DVD into the drive. Create the ISO 9660 file system on the new CD or DVD.$ mkisofs -r /pathname > cd-file-systemrCreates Rock Ridge information and resets file ownerships to zero. /pathnameIdentifies the path name used to create the ISO 9660 file system. > cd-file-systemIdentifies the name of the file system to be put on the CD or DVD. Copy the file system onto the CD or DVD.$ cdrw -i cd-file-systemThe i cd-file-system specifies the image file for creating a data CD or DVD. The following example shows how to create an ISO 9660 file system for a data CD or DVD.$ mkisofs -r /home/dubs/ufs_dir > ufs_cd Total extents actually written = 56 Total translation table size: 0 Total rockridge attributes bytes: 329 Total directory bytes: 0 Path table size(bytes): 10 Max brk space used 8000 56 extents written (0 Mb)Then, copy the file system onto the CD or DVD.$ cdrw -i ufs_cd Initializing device...done. Writing track 1...done. Finalizing (Can take several minutes)...done. This procedure describes how to put more than one session on a CD. This procedure includes an example of copying the infoA and infoB directories onto the CD. Create the file system for the first CD session.$ mkisofs -o infoA -r -V my_infoA /data/infoA Total translation table size: 0 Total rockridge attributes bytes: 24507 Total directory bytes: 34816 Path table size(bytes): 98 Max brk space used 2e000 8929 extents written (17 Mb)o infoAIdentifies the name of the ISO file system. rCreates Rock Ridge information and resets file ownerships to zero. V my_infoAIdentifies a volume label to be used as the mount point by removable media services. /data/infoAIdentifies the ISO image directory to create. Copy the ISO file system for the first session onto the CD.$ cdrw -iO infoA Initializing device...done. Writing track 1...done. done. Finalizing (Can take several minutes)...done.i infoAIdentifies the name of the image file to write to the CD. OKeeps the CD open for writing. Re-insert the CD after it is ejected. Identify the path name of the CD media to include in the next write session.$ eject -n . . . cdrom0 -> /vol/dev/rdsk/c2t4d0/my_infoANote the /vol/dev/... path name. Identify the next writeable address on the CD to write the next session.% cdrw -M /cdrom Device : YAMAHA CRW8424S Firmware : Rev. 1.0d (06/10/99) Track No. |Type |Start address ----------+--------+------------- 1 |Audio |0 2 |Audio |33057 3 |Data |60887 4 |Data |68087 5 |Data |75287 Leadout |Data |84218 Last session start address: 75287 Next writable address: 91118Note the address in the Next writable address output so that you can provide this address when you write the next session. Create the next ISO file system for the next CD session, and write it onto the CD.$ mkisofs -o infoB -r -C 0,91118 -M /vol/dev/rdsk/c2t4d0/my_infoA /data/infoB Total translation table size: 0 Total rockridge attributes bytes: 16602 Total directory bytes: 22528 Path table size(bytes): 86 Max brk space used 20000 97196 extents written (189 Mb)o infoBIdentifies the name of the ISO file system. rCreates Rock Ridge information and resets file ownerships to zero. C 0,91118Identifies the starting address of the first session and the next writable address. M /vol/dev/rdsk/c2t4d0/my_infoASpecifies the path of the existing ISO image to be merged. /data/infoBIdentifies the ISO image directory to create. You can use the cdrw command to create audio CDs from individual audio tracks or from .au and .wav files.The supported audio formats are describes in the following table:Format Description sun Sun .au file with data in Red Book CDDA format wav RIFF (.wav) file with data in Red Book CDDA format cda .cda file with raw CD audio data, which is 16-bit PCM stereo at 44.1 kHz sample rate in little-endian byte order aur .aur files with raw CD data in big-endian byte order If no audio format is specified, the cdrw command tries to determine the audio file format based on the file extension. The case of the characters in the extension is ignored. This procedure describes how to copy audio files onto a CD. Insert a blank CD into the CD-RW drive. Change to the directory that contains the audio files.$ cd /myaudiodir Copy the audio files onto the CD.$ cdrw -a track1.wav track2.wav track3.wavThe a option creates an audio CD. The following example shows how to create an audio CD.$ cdrw -a bark.wav chirp.au meow.wav Initializing device...done. Writing track 1...done. done. Writing track 2...done. Writing track 3...done. done. Finalizing (Can take several minutes)...done.The following example shows how to create a multisession audio CD. The CD is ejected after the first session is written. You would need to re-insert the CD before the next writing session.$ cdrw -aO groucho.wav chico.au harpo.wav Initializing device...done. Writing track 1...done. done. Writing track 2...done. Writing track 3...done. done. Finalizing (Can take several minutes)...done. <Re-insert CD> $ cdrw -a zeppo.au Initializing device...done. Writing track 1...done. done. Finalizing (Can take several minutes)...done. Use the following procedure to extract an audio track from a CD and copy the audio track to a new CD.If you don't use the cdrw T option to specify the audio file type, the cdrw command uses the filename extension to determine the audio file type. For example, the cdrw command detects that this file is a .wav file.$ cdrw -x 1 testme.wav Insert an audio CD into the CD-RW drive. Extract an audio track.$ cdrw -x -T audio-type 1 audio-filexExtracts audio data from an audio CD. T audio-typeIdentifies the type of audio file to be extracted. Supported audio types are sun, wav, cda, or aur. audio-fileIdentifies the audio track to be extracted. Copy the track to a new CD.$ cdrw -a audio-file The following example shows how to extract the first track from an audio CD and name the file song1.wav.$ cdrw -x -T wav 1 song1.wav Extracting audio from track 1...done.This example shows how to copy a track to an audio CD.$ cdrw -a song1.wav Initializing device...done. Writing track 1...done. Finalizing (Can take several minutes)...done. This procedure describes how to extract all the tracks from an audio CD into a directory and then copy all of them onto a blank CD.By default, the cdrw command copies the CD into the /tmp directory. The copying might require up to 700 Mbytes of free space. If there is insufficient space in the /tmp directory for copying the CD, use the m option to specify an alternate directory. Insert an audio CD into a CD-RW drive. Create a directory for the audio files.$ mkdir /music_dir Extract the tracks from the audio CD.$ cdrw -c -m music_dirAn Extracting audio ... message is display for each track.The CD is ejected when all the tracks are extracted. Insert a blank CD and press Return.After the tracks are extracted, the audio CD is ejected. You are prompted to insert a blank CD. This example shows how to copy one CD to another CD. You must have two CD-RW devices to do this task.$ cdrw -c -s cdrom0 -d cdrom1 You have to erase existing CD-RW data before the CD can be rewritten. Erase the entire media or just the last session on the CD by selecting one of the following:Erase the last session only.$ cdrw -d cdrom0 -b sessionErasing just the last session with the b session option is faster than erasing the entire media with the b all option. You can use the b session option even if you used the cdrw command to create a data or audio CD in just one session. Erase the entire media.$ cdrw -d cdrom0 -b all