This chapter describes how to copy UFS files and file systems to disk, tape, and diskettes by using various backup commands.This is a list of the step-by-step instructions in this chapter.How to Copy a Disk (dd) How to Copy Directories Between File Systems (cpio) How to Copy Files to a Tape (tar) How to List the Files on a Tape (tar) How to Retrieve Files From a Tape (tar) Copying Files to a Tape With the pax Command How to Copy All Files in a Directory to a Tape (cpio) How to List the Files on a Tape (cpio) How to Retrieve All Files From a Tape (cpio) How to Retrieve Specific Files From a Tape (cpio) How to Copy Files to a Remote Tape Device (tar and dd) How to Extract Files From a Remote Tape Device How to Copy Files to a Single Formatted Diskette (tar) How to List the Files on a Diskette (tar) How to Retrieve Files From a Diskette (tar) When you need to back up and restore complete file systems, use the ufsdump and ufsrestore commands described in Chapter 27, UFS Backup and Restore Commands (Reference). When you want to copy or move individual files, portions of file systems, or complete file systems, you can use the procedures described in this chapter instead of the ufsdump and ufsrestore commands. The following table describes when to use the various backup commands.Task Command For More Information Back up file systems to tape. ufsdump How to Back Up a File System to Tape Create a file system snapshot. fssnap Chapter 25, Using UFS Snapshots (Tasks) Restore file systems from tape. ufsrestore How to Restore a Complete File System Transport files to other systems. pax, tar, or cpio Copying Files and File Systems to Tape Copy files or file systems between disks. dd How to Copy a Disk (dd) Copy files to diskette. tar How to Copy Files to a Single Formatted Diskette (tar) The following table describes various backup and restore commands.Command Name Aware of File System Boundaries? Supports Multiple Volume Backups? Physical or Logical Copy? volcopy Yes Yes Physical tar No No Logical cpio No Yes Logical pax Yes Yes Logical dd Yes No Physical ufsdump/ufsrestore Yes Yes Logical fssnap N/A N/A Logical The following table describes the advantages and disadvantages of some of these commands.Command Function Advantages Disadvantages tar Use to copy files and directory subtrees to a single tape. Available on most UNIX operating systems Public domain versions are readily available Is not aware of file system boundaries Length of full path name cannot exceed 255 characters Cannot be used to create multiple tape volumes pax Use to copy files, special files, or file systems that require multiple tape volumes. Or, use when you want to copy files to and from POSIX-compliant systems. Better portability than the tar or cpio commands for POSIX-compliant systems Multiple vendor support Same disadvantages as the tar command, except that the pax command can create multiple tape volumes. cpio Use to copy files, special files, or file systems that require multiple tape volumes. Or, use when you want to copy files from systems running current Solaris releases systems to systems running SunOS 4.0/4.1 releases. Packs data onto tape more efficiently than the tar command Skips over any bad spots in a tape when restoring Provides options for writing files with different header formats, such as ( tar, ustar, crc, odc, bar), for portability between different system types Creates multiple tape volumes The command syntax is more difficult than the tar or pax commands. The following sections describes step-by-step instructions and examples of how to use these commands. Two commands are used to copy file systems between disks:volcopy dd For more information about volcopy, see volcopy1M.The next section describes how to use the dd command to copy file systems between disks.The dd command makes a literal (block-level) copy of a complete UFS file system to another file system or to a tape. By default, the dd command copies standard input to standard output. Do not use the dd command with variable-length tape drives without first specifying an appropriate block size. You can specify a device name in place of standard input or standard output, or both. In this example, the contents of the diskette are copied to a file in the /tmp directory:$ dd < /floppy/floppy0 > /tmp/output.file 2400+0 records in 2400+0 records outThe dd command reports on the number of blocks it reads and writes. The number after the + is a count of the partial blocks that were copied. The default block size is 512 bytes.The dd command syntax is different from most other commands. Options are specified as keyword=value pairs, where keyword is the option you want to set and value is the argument for that option. For example, you can replace standard input and standard output with this syntax: $ dd if=input-file of=output-fileTo use the keyword=value pairs instead of the redirect symbols, you would type the following:$ dd if=/floppy/floppy0 of=/tmp/output.file Keep the following key points in mind when you consider copying a disk:Do not use this procedure to copy a disk that is under the control of a volume manager. The primary methods for copying UFS file system data from one disk or system to another disk or system is by using the ufsdump and ufsrestore commands. For more information on using these commands, see Chapter 23, Backing Up and Restoring File Systems (Overview). You can clone systems by creating a flash archive and copying it to destination systems. For more information about creating a flash archive, see Solaris Express Installation Guide: Solaris Flash Archives (Creation and Installation). If you are copying a disk with an EFI disk label, see Example 28–2. If you are still considering copying a disk with the dd command keep the following cautions in mind:Make sure that the source disk and destination disk have the same disk geometry. Check the UFS file systems on the disk to be copied with the fsck utility. Make sure the system is in single-user mode when copying a disk with the dd command. Become superuser or assume an equivalent role. Shut down the system.# init 0 Attach the destination disk to the system. Boot the system.ok boot -s Copy the source disk to the destination disk. # dd if=/dev/rdsk/device-name of=/dev/rdsk/device-name bs=block-sizeif=/dev/rdsk/device-nameRepresents the overlap slice of the master disk device, usually slice 2. of=/dev/rdsk/device-nameRepresents the overlap slice of the destination disk device, usually slice 2. bs=blocksizeIdentifies the block size, such as 128 Kbytes or 256 Kbytes. A large block size decreases the time it takes to copy the disk. For more information, see dd1M. Check the new file system.# fsck /dev/rdsk/device-name Mount the destination disk's root (/) file system.# mount /dev/dsk/device-name /mnt Change to the directory where the /etc/vfstab file is located.# cd /mnt/etc Using a text editor, edit the destination disk's /etc/vfstab file to reference the correct device names.For example, change all instances of c0t3d0 to c0t1d0. Change to the destination disk's root (/) directory.# cd / Unmount the destination disk's root (/) file system.# umount /mnt Shut down the system.# init 0 Boot from the destination disk to single-user mode.# boot diskn -sThe installboot command is not needed for the destination disk because the boot blocks are copied as part of the overlap slice. Unconfigure the destination disk.# sys-unconfigThe system is shut down after it is unconfigured. Boot from the destination disk again and provide its system information, such as host name, time zone, and so forth. # boot diskn After the system is booted, log in as superuser to verify the system information.hostname console login: This example shows how to copy the master disk (with a VTOC label) /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s2 to the destination disk /dev/rdsk/c0t2d0s2.# init 0 ok boot # dd if=/dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s2 of=/dev/rdsk/c0t2d0s2 bs=128k # fsck /dev/rdsk/c0t2d0s2 # mount /dev/dsk/c0t2d0s2 /mnt # cd /mnt/etc # vi vfstab (Modify entries for the new disk) # cd / # umount /mnt # init 0 # boot disk2 -s # sys-unconfig # boot disk2 In previous Solaris releases, slice 2 (s2) was used to represent the entire disk. On a disk with an EFI label, you must use a slightly different procedure to clone or copy disks larger than 1 terabyte so that the UUID of cloned disks is unique. If you do not create a new label for the cloned disk, other software products might corrupt data on EFI-labeled disks if they encounter duplicate UUIDs.For example:Clone the disk with an EFI label. For example:# dd if=/dev/rdsk/c0t0d0 of=/dev/rdsk/c0t2d0 bs=128k Pipe the prtvtoc output of the disk to be copied to the fmthard command to create a new label for the cloned disk. For example:# prtvtoc /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0 | fmthard -s - /dev/rdsk/c0t2d0 For more information about EFI disk labels, see EFI Disk Label. You can use the cpio (copy in and out) command to copy individual files, groups of files, or complete file systems. This section describes how to use the cpio command to copy complete file systems.The cpio command is an archiving program that copies a list of files into a single, large output file. This command inserts headers between the individual files to facilitate recovery. You can use the cpio command to copy complete file systems to another slice, another system, or to a media device, such as a tape or diskette.Because the cpio command recognizes end-of-media and prompts you to insert another volume, it is the most effective command, other than ufsdump, to use to create archives that require multiple tapes or diskettes.With the cpio command, you frequently use the ls and find commands to list and select the files you want to copy, and then to pipe the output to the cpio command.Become superuser or assume an equivalent role. Change to the appropriate directory.# cd filesystem1 Copy the directory tree from filesystem1 to filesystem2 by using a combination of the find and cpio commands. # find . -print -depth | cpio -pdm filesystem2.Starts in the current working directory. printPrints the file names. depthDescends the directory hierarchy and prints file names from the bottom up. pCreates a list of files. dCreates directories as needed. mSets the correct modification times on directories. For more information, see cpio1.The files from the directory name you specify are copied. The symbolic links are preserved.You might also specify the u option. This option forces an unconditional copy. Otherwise, older files do not replace newer files. This option might be useful if you want an exact copy of a directory, and some of the files being copied might already exist in the target directory. Verify that the copy was successful by displaying the contents of the destination directory.# cd filesystem2 # ls If appropriate, remove the source directory.# rm -rf filesystem1 # cd /data1 # find . -print -depth | cpio -pdm /data2 19013 blocks # cd /data2 # ls # rm -rf /data1 You can use the tar, pax, and cpio commands to copy files and file systems to tape. The command that you choose depends on how much flexibility and precision you require for the copy. Because all three commands use the raw device, you do not need to format or make a file system on tapes before you use them.The tape drive and device name that you use depend on the hardware configuration for each system. For more information about tape device names, see Choosing Which Media to Use. Here is information that you should know before you copy files to tape with the tar command:Copying files to a tape with the c option to the tar command destroys any files already on the tape at or beyond the current tape position. You can use file name substitution wildcards (? and *) as part of the file names that you specify when copying files. For example, to copy all documents with a .doc suffix, type *.doc as the file name argument. You cannot use file name substitution wildcards when you extract files from a tar archive. Change to the directory that contains the files you want to copy. Insert a write-enabled tape into the tape drive. Copy the files to tape. $ tar cvf /dev/rmt/n filenamescIndicates that you want to create an archive. vDisplays the name of each file as it is archived. f /dev/rmt/nIndicates that the archive should be written to the specified device or file. filenamesIndicates the files and directories that you want to copy. Separate multiple files with spaces. The file names that you specify are copied to the tape, overwriting any existing files on the tape. Remove the tape from the drive. Write the names of the files on the tape label. Verify that the files you copied are on the tape.$ tar tvf /dev/rmt/nFor more information on listing files on a tar tape, see How to List the Files on a Tape (tar). The following example shows how to copy three files to the tape in tape drive 0.$ cd /export/home/kryten $ ls reports reportA reportB reportC $ tar cvf /dev/rmt/0 reports a reports/ 0 tape blocks a reports/reportA 59 tape blocks a reports/reportB 61 tape blocks a reports/reportC 63 tape blocks $ tar tvf /dev/rmt/0 Insert a tape into the tape drive. Display the tape contents. $ tar tvf /dev/rmt/ntLists the table of contents for the files on the tape. vUsed with the t option, and provides detailed information about the files on the tape. f /dev/rmt/nIndicates the tape device. The following example shows a listing of files on the tape in drive 0.$ tar tvf /dev/rmt/0 drwxr-xr-x 0/1 0 Jul 28 15:00 2004 reports/ -r--r--r-- 0/1 206663 Jul 28 15:00 2004 reports/reportA -r--r--r-- 0/1 206663 Jul 28 15:00 2004 reports/reportB -r--r--r-- 0/1 206663 Jul 28 15:00 2004 reports/reportC Change to the directory where you want to put the files. Insert the tape into the tape drive. Retrieve the files from the tape. $ tar xvf /dev/rmt/n [filenames]xIndicates that the files should be extracted from the specified archive file. All files on the tape in the specified drive are copied to the current directory. vDisplays the name of each file as it is retrieved. f /dev/rmt/nIndicates the tape device that contains the archive. filenamesSpecifies a file to retrieve. Separate multiple files with spaces. For more information, see the tar1 man page. Verify that the files have been copied.$ ls -l The following example shows how to retrieve all the files from the tape in drive 0.$ cd /var/tmp $ tar xvf /dev/rmt/0 x reports/, 0 bytes, 0 tape blocks x reports/reportA, 0 bytes, 0 tape blocks x reports/reportB, 0 bytes, 0 tape blocks x reports/reportC, 0 bytes, 0 tape blocks x reports/reportD, 0 bytes, 0 tape blocks $ ls -l The names of the files extracted from the tape must exactly match the names of the files that are stored on the archive. If you have any doubts about the names or paths of the files, first list the files on the tape. For instructions on listing the files on the tape, see How to List the Files on a Tape (tar). Change to the directory that contains the files you want to copy. Insert a write-enabled tape into the tape drive. Copy the files to tape.$ pax -w -f /dev/rmt/n filenames-wEnables the write mode. -f /dev/rmt/nIdentifies the tape drive. filenamesIndicates the files and directories that you want to copy. Separate multiple files with spaces. For more information, see the pax1 man page. Verify that the files have been copied to tape.$ pax -f /dev/rmt/n Remove the tape from the drive. Write the names of the files on the tape label. The following example shows how to use the pax command to copy all the files in the current directory.$ pax -w -f /dev/rmt/0 . $ pax -f /dev/rmt/0 filea fileb filec Change to the directory that contains the files you want to copy. Insert a write-enabled tape into the tape drive. Copy the files to tape.$ ls | cpio -oc > /dev/rmt/nlsProvides the cpio command with a list of file names. cpio -ocSpecifies that the cpio command should operate in copy-out mode (o) and write header information in ASCII character format (c). These options ensure portability to other vendors' systems. > /dev/rmt/nSpecifies the output file. All files in the directory are copied to the tape in the drive you specify, overwriting any existing files on the tape. The total number of blocks that are copied is shown. Verify that the files have been copied to tape.$ cpio -civt < /dev/rmt/ncSpecifies that the cpio command should read files in ASCII character format. iSpecifies that the cpio command should operate in copy-in mode, even though the command is only listing files at this point. vDisplays the output in a format that is similar to the output from the ls -l command. tLists the table of contents for the files on the tape in the tape drive that you specify. < /dev/rmt/nSpecifies the input file of an existing cpio archive. Remove the tape from the drive. Write the names of the files on the tape label. The following example shows how to copy all of the files in the /export/home/kryten directory to the tape in tape drive 0.$ cd /export/home/kryten $ ls | cpio -oc > /dev/rmt/0 16 blocks $ cpio -civt < /dev/rmt/0 -rw-r--r-- 1 root other 0 Jul 28 14:59 2004, filea -rw-r--r-- 1 root other 0 Jul 28 14:59 2004, fileb -rw-r--r-- 1 root other 0 Jul 28 14:59 2004, filec drwxr-xr-x 2 root other 0 Jul 28 14:59 2004, letters drwxr-xr-x 2 root other 0 Jul 28 15:00 2004, reports 16 blocks $ Listing the table of contents on a tape takes a long time because the cpio command must process the entire archive. Insert an archive tape into the tape drive. List the files on the tape. $ cpio -civt < /dev/rmt/n The following example shows how to list the files on the tape in drive 0.$ cpio -civt < /dev/rmt/0 -rw-r--r-- 1 root other 0 Jul 28 14:59 2004, filea -rw-r--r-- 1 root other 0 Jul 28 14:59 2004, fileb -rw-r--r-- 1 root other 0 Jul 28 14:59 2004, filec drwxr-xr-x 2 root other 0 Jul 28 14:59 2004, letters drwxr-xr-x 2 root other 0 Jul 28 15:00 2004, reports 16 blocks $ If the archive was created using relative path names, the input files are built as a directory within the current directory when you retrieve the files. If, however, the archive was created with absolute path names, the same absolute paths are used to re-create the file on your system.The use of absolute path names can be dangerous because you might overwrite existing files on your system. Change to the directory where you want to put the files. Insert the tape into the tape drive. Extract all files from the tape. $ cpio -icvd < /dev/rmt/niExtracts files from standard input. cSpecifies that the cpio command should read files in ASCII character format. vDisplays the files as they are retrieved in a format that is similar to the output from the ls command. dCreates directories as needed. < /dev/rmt/nSpecifies the output file. Verify that the files were copied.$ ls -l The following example shows how to retrieve all files from the tape in drive 0.$ cd /var/tmp cpio -icvd < /dev/rmt/0 answers sc.directives tests 8 blocks $ ls -l Change to the directory where you want to put the files. Insert the tape into the tape drive. Retrieve a subset of files from the tape.$ cpio -icv "*file" < /dev/rmt/niExtracts files from standard input. cSpecifies that the cpio command should read headers in ASCII character format. vDisplays the files as they are retrieved in a format that is similar to the output from the ls command. "*file"Specifies that all files that match the pattern are copied to the current directory. You can specify multiple patterns, but each pattern must be enclosed in double quotation marks. < /dev/rmt/nSpecifies the input file. For more information, see the cpio1 man page. Verify that the files were copied.$ ls -l The following example shows how to retrieve all files with the chapter suffix from the tape in drive 0.$ cd /home/smith/Book $ cpio -icv "*chapter" < /dev/rmt/0 Boot.chapter Directory.chapter Install.chapter Intro.chapter 31 blocks $ ls -l The following prerequisites must be met to use a remote tape drive:The local host name and optionally, the user name of the user doing the copy, must appear in the remote system's /etc/hosts.equiv file. Or, the user doing the copy must have his or her home directory accessible on the remote machine, and have the local machine name in $HOME/.rhosts.For more information, see the hosts.equiv4 man page. An entry for the remote system must be in the local system's /etc/inet/hosts file or in the name service hosts file. To test whether you have the appropriate permission to execute a remote command, try the following:$ rsh remotehost echo testIf test is echoed back to you, you have permission to execute remote commands. If Permission denied is echoed back to you, check your setup as described in Step 1. Change to the directory where you want to put the files. Insert the tape into the tape drive. Copy the files to a remote tape drive. $ tar cvf - filenames | rsh remote-host dd of=/dev/rmt/n obs=block-sizetar cfCreates a tape archive, lists the files as they are archived, and specifies the tape device. vProvides additional information about the tar file entries. - (Hyphen)Represents a placeholder for the tape device. filenamesIdentifies the files to be copied. Separate multiple files with spaces. rsh | remote-hostPipes the tar command's output to a remote shell. dd of= /dev/rmt/nRepresents the output device. obs=block-sizeRepresents the blocking factor. Remove the tape from the drive. Write the names of the files on the tape label. # tar cvf - * | rsh mercury dd of=/dev/rmt/0 obs=126b a answers/ 0 tape blocks a answers/test129 1 tape blocks a sc.directives/ 0 tape blocks a sc.directives/sc.190089 1 tape blocks a tests/ 0 tape blocks a tests/test131 1 tape blocks 6+9 records in 0+1 records out Insert the tape into the tape drive. Change to a temporary directory.$ cd /var/tmp Extract the files from a remote tape device.$ rsh remote-host dd if=/dev/rmt/n | tar xvBpf -rsh remote-hostIndicates a remote shell that is started to extract the files from the tape device by using the dd command. dd if=/dev/rmt/nIndicates the input device. | tar xvBpf -Pipes the output of the dd command to the tar command, which is used to restore the files. Verify that the files have been extracted.$ ls -l $ cd /var/tmp $ rsh mercury dd if=/dev/rmt/0 | tar xvBpf - x answers/, 0 bytes, 0 tape blocks x answers/test129, 48 bytes, 1 tape blocks 20+0 records in 20+0 records out x sc.directives/, 0 bytes, 0 tape blocks x sc.directives/sc.190089, 77 bytes, 1 tape blocks x tests/, 0 bytes, 0 tape blocks x tests/test131, 84 bytes, 1 tape blocks $ ls -l Before you can copy files or file systems to diskette, you must format the diskette. For information on how to format a diskette, see Chapter 2, Managing Removable Media (Tasks).Use the tar command to copy UFS files to a single formatted diskette. Use the cpio command if you need to copy UFS files to multiple formatted diskettes. The cpio command recognizes end-of-media and prompts you to insert the next diskette.Copying files to a formatted diskette by using the tar c command destroys any files that are already on the diskette. A diskette that contains a tar image is not mountable. If you need a multiple-volume interchange utility, use the cpio command. The tar command is only a single-volume utility. For more information, see tar1. Change to the directory that contains the files you want to copy. Insert a formatted diskette that is not write-protected into the drive. Make the diskette available.$ volcheck Reformat the diskette, if necessary.$ rmformat -U /dev/rdiskette Formatting will erase all the data on disk. Do you want to continue? (y/n)y Copy the files to diskette.$ tar cvf /vol/dev/aliases/floppy0 filenamesThe file names that you specify are copied to the diskette, overwriting any existing files on the diskette. Verify that the files were copied.$ tar tvf /vol/dev/aliases/floppy0For more information on listing files, see How to List the Files on a Diskette (tar). Remove the diskette from the drive. Write the names of the files on the diskette label. The following example shows how to copy files named evaluation* to a diskette.$ cd /home/smith $ volcheck $ ls evaluation* evaluation.doc evaluation.doc.backup $ tar cvf /vol/dev/aliases/floppy0 evaluation* a evaluation.doc 86 blocks a evaluation.doc.backup 84 blocks $ tar tvf /vol/dev/aliases/floppy0 Insert a diskette into the drive. Make the diskette available.$ volcheck List the files on a diskette. $ tar tvf /vol/dev/aliases/floppy0 The following example shows how to list the files on a diskette.$ volcheck $ tar tvf /vol/dev/aliases/floppy0 rw-rw-rw-6693/10 44032 Jun 9 15:45 evaluation.doc rw-rw-rw-6693/10 43008 Jun 9 15:55 evaluation.doc.backup $ Change to the directory where you want to put the files. Insert the diskette into the drive. Make the diskette available.$ volcheck Retrieve files from the diskette. $ tar xvf /vol/dev/aliases/floppy0All files on the diskette are copied to the current directory. Verify that the files have been retrieved. $ ls -l Remove the diskette from the drive. The following example shows how to retrieve all the files from a diskette.$ cd /home/smith/Evaluations $ volcheck $ tar xvf /vol/dev/aliases/floppy0 x evaluation.doc, 44032 bytes, 86 tape blocks x evaluation.doc.backup, 43008 bytes, 84 tape blocks $ ls -lThe following example shows how to retrieve an individual file from a diskette. The file is extracted from the diskette and placed in the current working directory.$ volcheck $ tar xvf /vol/dev/aliases/floppy0 evaluation.doc x evaluation.doc, 44032 bytes, 86 tape blocks $ ls -l If you are copying large files onto diskettes, you want to be prompted to replace a full diskette with another formatted diskette. The cpio command provides this capability. The cpio commands you use are the same that you would use to copy files to tape, except you would specify /vol/dev/aliases/floppy0 as the device instead of the tape device name.For information on how to use the cpio command, see How to Copy All Files in a Directory to a Tape (cpio).