containers-0.6.2.1: Assorted concrete container types

Copyright | (c) The University of Glasgow 2002
License | BSD-style (see the file libraries/base/LICENSE)
Maintainer | libraries@haskell.org
Portability | portable
Safe Haskell | Trustworthy
Language | Haskell98

Data.Tree

Contents

- Trees and Forests
- Construction
- Elimination
- Ascii Drawings

Description

# Multi-way Trees and Forests

The ``Tree` a` type represents a lazy, possibly infinite, multi-way tree (also known as a rose tree).

The ``Forest` a` type represents a forest of ``Tree` a`s.

Synopsis

- data Tree a = Node {
  - rootLabel :: a
  - subForest :: Forest a
  }
- type Forest a = [Tree a]
- unfoldTree :: (b -> (a, [b])) -> b -> Tree a
- unfoldForest :: (b -> (a, [b])) -> [b] -> Forest a
- unfoldTreeM :: Monad m => (b -> m (a, [b])) -> b -> m (Tree a)
- unfoldForestM :: Monad m => (b -> m (a, [b])) -> [b] -> m (Forest a)
- unfoldTreeM_BF :: Monad m => (b -> m (a, [b])) -> b -> m (Tree a)
- unfoldForestM_BF :: Monad m => (b -> m (a, [b])) -> [b] -> m (Forest a)
- foldTree :: (a -> [b] -> b) -> Tree a -> b
- flatten :: Tree a -> [a]
- levels :: Tree a -> [[a]]
- drawTree :: Tree String -> String
- drawForest :: Forest String -> String

# Trees and Forests

data Tree a Source #

Non-empty, possibly infinite, multi-way trees; also known as rose trees.

Constructors

Node |
Fields rootLabel :: a label value subForest :: Forest a zero or more child trees

#### Instances

Instances details

Monad Tree # |
Instance details Defined in Data.Tree Methods (>>=) :: Tree a -> (a -> Tree b) -> Tree b Source # (>>) :: Tree a -> Tree b -> Tree b Source # return :: a -> Tree a Source #
Functor Tree # |
Instance details Defined in Data.Tree Methods fmap :: (a -> b) -> Tree a -> Tree b Source # (<$) :: a -> Tree b -> Tree a Source #
MonadFix Tree # | Since: containers-0.5.11
Instance details Defined in Data.Tree Methods mfix :: (a -> Tree a) -> Tree a Source #
Applicative Tree # |
Instance details Defined in Data.Tree Methods pure :: a -> Tree a Source # (<*>) :: Tree (a -> b) -> Tree a -> Tree b Source # liftA2 :: (a -> b -> c) -> Tree a -> Tree b -> Tree c Source # (*>) :: Tree a -> Tree b -> Tree b Source # (<*) :: Tree a -> Tree b -> Tree a Source #
Foldable Tree # |
Instance details Defined in Data.Tree Methods fold :: Monoid m => Tree m -> m Source # foldMap :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Tree a -> m Source # foldMap' :: Monoid m => (a -> m) -> Tree a -> m Source # foldr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Tree a -> b Source # foldr' :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Tree a -> b Source # foldl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Tree a -> b Source # foldl' :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> Tree a -> b Source # foldr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Tree a -> a Source # foldl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Tree a -> a Source # toList :: Tree a -> [a] Source # null :: Tree a -> Bool Source # length :: Tree a -> Int Source # elem :: Eq a => a -> Tree a -> Bool Source # maximum :: Ord a => Tree a -> a Source # minimum :: Ord a => Tree a -> a Source # sum :: Num a => Tree a -> a Source # product :: Num a => Tree a -> a Source #
Traversable Tree # |
Instance details Defined in Data.Tree Methods traverse :: Applicative f => (a -> f b) -> Tree a -> f (Tree b) Source # sequenceA :: Applicative f => Tree (f a) -> f (Tree a) Source # mapM :: Monad m => (a -> m b) -> Tree a -> m (Tree b) Source # sequence :: Monad m => Tree (m a) -> m (Tree a) Source #
Eq1 Tree # | Since: containers-0.5.9
Instance details Defined in Data.Tree Methods liftEq :: (a -> b -> Bool) -> Tree a -> Tree b -> Bool Source #
Ord1 Tree # | Since: containers-0.5.9
Instance details Defined in Data.Tree Methods liftCompare :: (a -> b -> Ordering) -> Tree a -> Tree b -> Ordering Source #
Read1 Tree # | Since: containers-0.5.9
Instance details Defined in Data.Tree Methods liftReadsPrec :: (Int -> ReadS a) -> ReadS [a] -> Int -> ReadS (Tree a) Source # liftReadList :: (Int -> ReadS a) -> ReadS [a] -> ReadS [Tree a] Source # liftReadPrec :: ReadPrec a -> ReadPrec [a] -> ReadPrec (Tree a) Source # liftReadListPrec :: ReadPrec a -> ReadPrec [a] -> ReadPrec [Tree a] Source #
Show1 Tree # | Since: containers-0.5.9
Instance details Defined in Data.Tree Methods liftShowsPrec :: (Int -> a -> ShowS) -> ([a] -> ShowS) -> Int -> Tree a -> ShowS Source # liftShowList :: (Int -> a -> ShowS) -> ([a] -> ShowS) -> [Tree a] -> ShowS Source #
MonadZip Tree # |
Instance details Defined in Data.Tree Methods mzip :: Tree a -> Tree b -> Tree (a, b) Source # mzipWith :: (a -> b -> c) -> Tree a -> Tree b -> Tree c Source # munzip :: Tree (a, b) -> (Tree a, Tree b) Source #
Eq a => Eq (Tree a) # |
Instance details Defined in Data.Tree Methods (==) :: Tree a -> Tree a -> Bool # (/=) :: Tree a -> Tree a -> Bool #
Data a => Data (Tree a) # |
Instance details Defined in Data.Tree Methods gfoldl :: (forall d b. Data d => c (d -> b) -> d -> c b) -> (forall g. g -> c g) -> Tree a -> c (Tree a) Source # gunfold :: (forall b r. Data b => c (b -> r) -> c r) -> (forall r. r -> c r) -> Constr -> c (Tree a) Source # toConstr :: Tree a -> Constr Source # dataTypeOf :: Tree a -> DataType Source # dataCast1 :: Typeable t => (forall d. Data d => c (t d)) -> Maybe (c (Tree a)) Source # dataCast2 :: Typeable t => (forall d e. (Data d, Data e) => c (t d e)) -> Maybe (c (Tree a)) Source # gmapT :: (forall b. Data b => b -> b) -> Tree a -> Tree a Source # gmapQl :: (r -> r' -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Tree a -> r Source # gmapQr :: forall r r'. (r' -> r -> r) -> r -> (forall d. Data d => d -> r') -> Tree a -> r Source # gmapQ :: (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Tree a -> [u] Source # gmapQi :: Int -> (forall d. Data d => d -> u) -> Tree a -> u Source # gmapM :: Monad m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Tree a -> m (Tree a) Source # gmapMp :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Tree a -> m (Tree a) Source # gmapMo :: MonadPlus m => (forall d. Data d => d -> m d) -> Tree a -> m (Tree a) Source #
Read a => Read (Tree a) # |
Instance details Defined in Data.Tree Methods readsPrec :: Int -> ReadS (Tree a) Source # readList :: ReadS [Tree a] Source # readPrec :: ReadPrec (Tree a) Source # readListPrec :: ReadPrec [Tree a] Source #
Show a => Show (Tree a) # |
Instance details Defined in Data.Tree Methods showsPrec :: Int -> Tree a -> ShowS Source # show :: Tree a -> String Source # showList :: [Tree a] -> ShowS Source #
Generic (Tree a) # | Since: containers-0.5.8
Instance details Defined in Data.Tree Associated Types type Rep (Tree a) :: Type -> Type Source # Methods from :: Tree a -> Rep (Tree a) x Source # to :: Rep (Tree a) x -> Tree a Source #
NFData a => NFData (Tree a) # |
Instance details Defined in Data.Tree Methods rnf :: Tree a -> () Source #
Generic1 Tree # | Since: containers-0.5.8
Instance details Defined in Data.Tree Associated Types type Rep1 Tree :: k -> Type Source # Methods from1 :: forall (a :: k). Tree a -> Rep1 Tree a Source # to1 :: forall (a :: k). Rep1 Tree a -> Tree a Source #
type Rep (Tree a) # |
Instance details Defined in Data.Tree type Rep (Tree a) = D1 ('MetaData "Tree" "Data.Tree" "containers-0.6.2.1" 'False) (C1 ('MetaCons "Node" 'PrefixI 'True) (S1 ('MetaSel ('Just "rootLabel") 'NoSourceUnpackedness 'NoSourceStrictness 'DecidedLazy) (Rec0 a) :*: S1 ('MetaSel ('Just "subForest") 'NoSourceUnpackedness 'NoSourceStrictness 'DecidedLazy) (Rec0 (Forest a))))
type Rep1 Tree # |
Instance details Defined in Data.Tree type Rep1 Tree = D1 ('MetaData "Tree" "Data.Tree" "containers-0.6.2.1" 'False) (C1 ('MetaCons "Node" 'PrefixI 'True) (S1 ('MetaSel ('Just "rootLabel") 'NoSourceUnpackedness 'NoSourceStrictness 'DecidedLazy) Par1 :*: S1 ('MetaSel ('Just "subForest") 'NoSourceUnpackedness 'NoSourceStrictness 'DecidedLazy) ([] :.: Rec1 Tree)))

type Forest a = [Tree a] Source #

# Construction

unfoldTree :: (b -> (a, [b])) -> b -> Tree a Source #

Build a (possibly infinite) tree from a seed value in breadth-first order.

`unfoldTree f b` constructs a tree by starting with the tree `Node { rootLabel=b, subForest=[] }` and repeatedly applying `f` to each `rootLabel` value in the tree's leaves to generate its `subForest`.

For a monadic version see `unfoldTreeM_BF`.

#### Examples

Expand

Construct the tree of `Integer`s where each node has two children: `left = 2*x` and `right = 2*x + 1`, where `x` is the `rootLabel` of the node. Stop when the values exceed 7.

    let buildNode x = if 2*x + 1 > 7 then (x, []) else (x, [2*x, 2*x+1])
    putStr $ drawTree $ fmap show $ unfoldTree buildNode 1

    1
    |
    +- 2
    |  |
    |  +- 4
    |  |
    |  `- 5
    |
    `- 3
       |
       +- 6
       |
       `- 7

unfoldForest :: (b -> (a, [b])) -> [b] -> Forest a Source #

Build a (possibly infinite) forest from a list of seed values in breadth-first order.

`unfoldForest f seeds` invokes `unfoldTree` on each seed value.

For a monadic version see `unfoldForestM_BF`.

unfoldTreeM :: Monad m => (b -> m (a, [b])) -> b -> m (Tree a) Source #

Monadic tree builder, in depth-first order.

unfoldForestM :: Monad m => (b -> m (a, [b])) -> [b] -> m (Forest a) Source #

Monadic forest builder, in depth-first order

unfoldTreeM_BF :: Monad m => (b -> m (a, [b])) -> b -> m (Tree a) Source #

Monadic tree builder, in breadth-first order.

See `unfoldTree` for more info.

Implemented using an algorithm adapted from /Breadth-First Numbering: Lessons from a Small Exercise in Algorithm Design, by Chris Okasaki, ICFP'00/.

unfoldForestM_BF :: Monad m => (b -> m (a, [b])) -> [b] -> m (Forest a) Source #

Monadic forest builder, in breadth-first order

See `unfoldForest` for more info.

Implemented using an algorithm adapted from /Breadth-First Numbering: Lessons from a Small Exercise in Algorithm Design, by Chris Okasaki, ICFP'00/.

# Elimination

foldTree :: (a -> [b] -> b) -> Tree a -> b Source #

Fold a tree into a "summary" value in depth-first order.

For each node in the tree, apply `f` to the `rootLabel` and the result of applying `f` to each `subForest`.

This is also known as the catamorphism on trees.

#### Examples

Expand

Sum the values in a tree:

    foldTree (\x xs -> sum (x:xs)) (Node 1 [Node 2 [], Node 3 []]) == 6

Find the maximum value in the tree:

    foldTree (\x xs -> maximum (x:xs)) (Node 1 [Node 2 [], Node 3 []]) == 3

Count the number of leaves in the tree:

    foldTree (\_ xs -> if null xs then 1 else sum xs) (Node 1 [Node 2 [], Node 3 []]) == 2

Find depth of the tree; i.e. the number of branches from the root of the tree to the furthest leaf:

    foldTree (\_ xs -> if null xs then 0 else 1 + maximum xs) (Node 1 [Node 2[], Node 3 []]) == 1

You can even implement traverse using foldTree:

    traverse' f = foldTree (\x xs -> liftA2 Node (f x) (sequenceA xs))

Since: containers-0.5.8

flatten :: Tree a -> [a] Source #

Returns the elements of a tree in pre-order.

      a
     / \    => [a,b,c]
    b   c

#### Examples

Expand

    flatten (Node 1 [Node 2 [], Node 3 []]) == [1,2,3]

levels :: Tree a -> [[a]] Source #

Returns the list of nodes at each level of the tree.

      a
     / \    => [[a], [b,c]]
    b   c

#### Examples

Expand

    levels (Node 1 [Node 2 [], Node 3 []]) == [[1],[2,3]]

# Ascii Drawings

drawTree :: Tree String -> String Source #

2-dimensional ASCII drawing of a tree.

#### Examples

Expand

    putStr $ drawTree $ fmap show (Node 1 [Node 2 [], Node 3 []])

    1
    |
    +- 2
    |
    `- 3

drawForest :: Forest String -> String Source #

2-dimensional ASCII drawing of a forest.

#### Examples

Expand

    putStr $ drawForest $ map (fmap show) [(Node 1 [Node 2 [], Node 3 []]), (Node 10 [Node 20 []])]

    1
    |
    +- 2
    |
    `- 3

    10
    |
    `- 20