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GRIB Data Example¶
GRIB format is commonly used to disseminate atmospheric model data. With xarray and the cfgrib engine, GRIB data can easily be analyzed and visualized.
[1]:
import xarray as xr
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
To read GRIB data, you can use xarray.load_dataset. The only extra code you need is to specify the engine as cfgrib.
[2]:
ds = xr.tutorial.load_dataset("era5-2mt-2019-03-uk.grib", engine="cfgrib")
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
gaierror Traceback (most recent call last)
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/urllib3/connection.py:174, in HTTPConnection._new_conn(self)
173 try:
--> 174 conn = connection.create_connection(
175 (self._dns_host, self.port), self.timeout, **extra_kw
176 )
178 except SocketTimeout:
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/urllib3/util/connection.py:73, in create_connection(address, timeout, source_address, socket_options)
69 return six.raise_from(
70 LocationParseError("'%s', label empty or too long" % host), None
71 )
---> 73 for res in socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, family, socket.SOCK_STREAM):
74 af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
File /usr/lib/python3.12/socket.py:964, in getaddrinfo(host, port, family, type, proto, flags)
963 addrlist = []
--> 964 for res in _socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, family, type, proto, flags):
965 af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
gaierror: [Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
NewConnectionError Traceback (most recent call last)
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py:716, in HTTPConnectionPool.urlopen(self, method, url, body, headers, retries, redirect, assert_same_host, timeout, pool_timeout, release_conn, chunked, body_pos, **response_kw)
715 # Make the request on the httplib connection object.
--> 716 httplib_response = self._make_request(
717 conn,
718 method,
719 url,
720 timeout=timeout_obj,
721 body=body,
722 headers=headers,
723 chunked=chunked,
724 )
726 # If we're going to release the connection in ``finally:``, then
727 # the response doesn't need to know about the connection. Otherwise
728 # it will also try to release it and we'll have a double-release
729 # mess.
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py:405, in HTTPConnectionPool._make_request(self, conn, method, url, timeout, chunked, **httplib_request_kw)
404 try:
--> 405 self._validate_conn(conn)
406 except (SocketTimeout, BaseSSLError) as e:
407 # Py2 raises this as a BaseSSLError, Py3 raises it as socket timeout.
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py:1059, in HTTPSConnectionPool._validate_conn(self, conn)
1058 if not getattr(conn, "sock", None): # AppEngine might not have `.sock`
-> 1059 conn.connect()
1061 if not conn.is_verified:
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/urllib3/connection.py:363, in HTTPSConnection.connect(self)
361 def connect(self):
362 # Add certificate verification
--> 363 self.sock = conn = self._new_conn()
364 hostname = self.host
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/urllib3/connection.py:186, in HTTPConnection._new_conn(self)
185 except SocketError as e:
--> 186 raise NewConnectionError(
187 self, "Failed to establish a new connection: %s" % e
188 )
190 return conn
NewConnectionError: <urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f03b848ac00>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
MaxRetryError Traceback (most recent call last)
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/requests/adapters.py:667, in HTTPAdapter.send(self, request, stream, timeout, verify, cert, proxies)
666 try:
--> 667 resp = conn.urlopen(
668 method=request.method,
669 url=url,
670 body=request.body,
671 headers=request.headers,
672 redirect=False,
673 assert_same_host=False,
674 preload_content=False,
675 decode_content=False,
676 retries=self.max_retries,
677 timeout=timeout,
678 chunked=chunked,
679 )
681 except (ProtocolError, OSError) as err:
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py:800, in HTTPConnectionPool.urlopen(self, method, url, body, headers, retries, redirect, assert_same_host, timeout, pool_timeout, release_conn, chunked, body_pos, **response_kw)
798 e = ProtocolError("Connection aborted.", e)
--> 800 retries = retries.increment(
801 method, url, error=e, _pool=self, _stacktrace=sys.exc_info()[2]
802 )
803 retries.sleep()
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/urllib3/util/retry.py:592, in Retry.increment(self, method, url, response, error, _pool, _stacktrace)
591 if new_retry.is_exhausted():
--> 592 raise MaxRetryError(_pool, url, error or ResponseError(cause))
594 log.debug("Incremented Retry for (url='%s'): %r", url, new_retry)
MaxRetryError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='github.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /pydata/xarray-data/raw/master/era5-2mt-2019-03-uk.grib (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f03b848ac00>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution'))
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
ConnectionError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[2], line 1
----> 1 ds = xr.tutorial.load_dataset("era5-2mt-2019-03-uk.grib", engine="cfgrib")
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/xarray/tutorial.py:207, in load_dataset(*args, **kwargs)
170 def load_dataset(*args, **kwargs) -> Dataset:
171 """
172 Open, load into memory, and close a dataset from the online repository
173 (requires internet).
(...)
205 load_dataset
206 """
--> 207 with open_dataset(*args, **kwargs) as ds:
208 return ds.load()
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/xarray/tutorial.py:161, in open_dataset(name, cache, cache_dir, engine, **kws)
158 url = f"{base_url}/raw/{version}/{path.name}"
160 # retrieve the file
--> 161 filepath = pooch.retrieve(url=url, known_hash=None, path=cache_dir)
162 ds = _open_dataset(filepath, engine=engine, **kws)
163 if not cache:
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pooch/core.py:239, in retrieve(url, known_hash, fname, path, processor, downloader, progressbar)
236 if downloader is None:
237 downloader = choose_downloader(url, progressbar=progressbar)
--> 239 stream_download(url, full_path, known_hash, downloader, pooch=None)
241 if known_hash is None:
242 get_logger().info(
243 "SHA256 hash of downloaded file: %s\n"
244 "Use this value as the 'known_hash' argument of 'pooch.retrieve'"
(...)
247 file_hash(str(full_path)),
248 )
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pooch/core.py:807, in stream_download(url, fname, known_hash, downloader, pooch, retry_if_failed)
803 try:
804 # Stream the file to a temporary so that we can safely check its
805 # hash before overwriting the original.
806 with temporary_file(path=str(fname.parent)) as tmp:
--> 807 downloader(url, tmp, pooch)
808 hash_matches(tmp, known_hash, strict=True, source=str(fname.name))
809 shutil.move(tmp, str(fname))
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pooch/downloaders.py:208, in HTTPDownloader.__call__(self, url, output_file, pooch, check_only)
206 output_file = open(output_file, "w+b")
207 try:
--> 208 response = requests.get(url, **kwargs)
209 response.raise_for_status()
210 content = response.iter_content(chunk_size=self.chunk_size)
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/requests/api.py:73, in get(url, params, **kwargs)
62 def get(url, params=None, **kwargs):
63 r"""Sends a GET request.
64
65 :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
(...)
70 :rtype: requests.Response
71 """
---> 73 return request("get", url, params=params, **kwargs)
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/requests/api.py:59, in request(method, url, **kwargs)
55 # By using the 'with' statement we are sure the session is closed, thus we
56 # avoid leaving sockets open which can trigger a ResourceWarning in some
57 # cases, and look like a memory leak in others.
58 with sessions.Session() as session:
---> 59 return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/requests/sessions.py:589, in Session.request(self, method, url, params, data, headers, cookies, files, auth, timeout, allow_redirects, proxies, hooks, stream, verify, cert, json)
584 send_kwargs = {
585 "timeout": timeout,
586 "allow_redirects": allow_redirects,
587 }
588 send_kwargs.update(settings)
--> 589 resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)
591 return resp
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/requests/sessions.py:703, in Session.send(self, request, **kwargs)
700 start = preferred_clock()
702 # Send the request
--> 703 r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs)
705 # Total elapsed time of the request (approximately)
706 elapsed = preferred_clock() - start
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/requests/adapters.py:700, in HTTPAdapter.send(self, request, stream, timeout, verify, cert, proxies)
696 if isinstance(e.reason, _SSLError):
697 # This branch is for urllib3 v1.22 and later.
698 raise SSLError(e, request=request)
--> 700 raise ConnectionError(e, request=request)
702 except ClosedPoolError as e:
703 raise ConnectionError(e, request=request)
ConnectionError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='github.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /pydata/xarray-data/raw/master/era5-2mt-2019-03-uk.grib (Caused by NewConnectionError('<urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x7f03b848ac00>: Failed to establish a new connection: [Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution'))
Let’s create a simple plot of 2-m air temperature in degrees Celsius:
[3]:
ds = ds - 273.15
ds.t2m[0].plot(cmap=plt.cm.coolwarm)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[3], line 1
----> 1 ds = ds - 273.15
2 ds.t2m[0].plot(cmap=plt.cm.coolwarm)
NameError: name 'ds' is not defined
With CartoPy, we can create a more detailed plot, using built-in shapefiles to help provide geographic context:
[4]:
import cartopy.crs as ccrs
import cartopy
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(10, 10))
ax = plt.axes(projection=ccrs.Robinson())
ax.coastlines(resolution="10m")
plot = ds.t2m[0].plot(
cmap=plt.cm.coolwarm, transform=ccrs.PlateCarree(), cbar_kwargs={"shrink": 0.6}
)
plt.title("ERA5 - 2m temperature British Isles March 2019")
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[4], line 7
5 ax = plt.axes(projection=ccrs.Robinson())
6 ax.coastlines(resolution="10m")
----> 7 plot = ds.t2m[0].plot(
8 cmap=plt.cm.coolwarm, transform=ccrs.PlateCarree(), cbar_kwargs={"shrink": 0.6}
9 )
10 plt.title("ERA5 - 2m temperature British Isles March 2019")
NameError: name 'ds' is not defined
/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cartopy/io/__init__.py:241: DownloadWarning: Downloading: https://naturalearth.s3.amazonaws.com/10m_physical/ne_10m_coastline.zip
warnings.warn(f'Downloading: {url}', DownloadWarning)
Error in callback <function _draw_all_if_interactive at 0x7f03b8374ae0> (for post_execute), with arguments args (),kwargs {}:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
gaierror Traceback (most recent call last)
File /usr/lib/python3.12/urllib/request.py:1344, in AbstractHTTPHandler.do_open(self, http_class, req, **http_conn_args)
1343 try:
-> 1344 h.request(req.get_method(), req.selector, req.data, headers,
1345 encode_chunked=req.has_header('Transfer-encoding'))
1346 except OSError as err: # timeout error
File /usr/lib/python3.12/http/client.py:1336, in HTTPConnection.request(self, method, url, body, headers, encode_chunked)
1335 """Send a complete request to the server."""
-> 1336 self._send_request(method, url, body, headers, encode_chunked)
File /usr/lib/python3.12/http/client.py:1382, in HTTPConnection._send_request(self, method, url, body, headers, encode_chunked)
1381 body = _encode(body, 'body')
-> 1382 self.endheaders(body, encode_chunked=encode_chunked)
File /usr/lib/python3.12/http/client.py:1331, in HTTPConnection.endheaders(self, message_body, encode_chunked)
1330 raise CannotSendHeader()
-> 1331 self._send_output(message_body, encode_chunked=encode_chunked)
File /usr/lib/python3.12/http/client.py:1091, in HTTPConnection._send_output(self, message_body, encode_chunked)
1090 del self._buffer[:]
-> 1091 self.send(msg)
1093 if message_body is not None:
1094
1095 # create a consistent interface to message_body
File /usr/lib/python3.12/http/client.py:1035, in HTTPConnection.send(self, data)
1034 if self.auto_open:
-> 1035 self.connect()
1036 else:
File /usr/lib/python3.12/http/client.py:1470, in HTTPSConnection.connect(self)
1468 "Connect to a host on a given (SSL) port."
-> 1470 super().connect()
1472 if self._tunnel_host:
File /usr/lib/python3.12/http/client.py:1001, in HTTPConnection.connect(self)
1000 sys.audit("http.client.connect", self, self.host, self.port)
-> 1001 self.sock = self._create_connection(
1002 (self.host,self.port), self.timeout, self.source_address)
1003 # Might fail in OSs that don't implement TCP_NODELAY
File /usr/lib/python3.12/socket.py:829, in create_connection(address, timeout, source_address, all_errors)
828 exceptions = []
--> 829 for res in getaddrinfo(host, port, 0, SOCK_STREAM):
830 af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
File /usr/lib/python3.12/socket.py:964, in getaddrinfo(host, port, family, type, proto, flags)
963 addrlist = []
--> 964 for res in _socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, family, type, proto, flags):
965 af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
gaierror: [Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
URLError Traceback (most recent call last)
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/pyplot.py:197, in _draw_all_if_interactive()
195 def _draw_all_if_interactive() -> None:
196 if matplotlib.is_interactive():
--> 197 draw_all()
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/_pylab_helpers.py:132, in Gcf.draw_all(cls, force)
130 for manager in cls.get_all_fig_managers():
131 if force or manager.canvas.figure.stale:
--> 132 manager.canvas.draw_idle()
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/backend_bases.py:1893, in FigureCanvasBase.draw_idle(self, *args, **kwargs)
1891 if not self._is_idle_drawing:
1892 with self._idle_draw_cntx():
-> 1893 self.draw(*args, **kwargs)
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/backends/backend_agg.py:388, in FigureCanvasAgg.draw(self)
385 # Acquire a lock on the shared font cache.
386 with (self.toolbar._wait_cursor_for_draw_cm() if self.toolbar
387 else nullcontext()):
--> 388 self.figure.draw(self.renderer)
389 # A GUI class may be need to update a window using this draw, so
390 # don't forget to call the superclass.
391 super().draw()
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:95, in _finalize_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
93 @wraps(draw)
94 def draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs):
---> 95 result = draw(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
96 if renderer._rasterizing:
97 renderer.stop_rasterizing()
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
69 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
70 renderer.start_filter()
---> 72 return draw(artist, renderer)
73 finally:
74 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/figure.py:3154, in Figure.draw(self, renderer)
3151 # ValueError can occur when resizing a window.
3153 self.patch.draw(renderer)
-> 3154 mimage._draw_list_compositing_images(
3155 renderer, self, artists, self.suppressComposite)
3157 for sfig in self.subfigs:
3158 sfig.draw(renderer)
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/image.py:132, in _draw_list_compositing_images(renderer, parent, artists, suppress_composite)
130 if not_composite or not has_images:
131 for a in artists:
--> 132 a.draw(renderer)
133 else:
134 # Composite any adjacent images together
135 image_group = []
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
69 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
70 renderer.start_filter()
---> 72 return draw(artist, renderer)
73 finally:
74 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cartopy/mpl/geoaxes.py:524, in GeoAxes.draw(self, renderer, **kwargs)
519 self.imshow(img, extent=extent, origin=origin,
520 transform=factory.crs, *factory_args[1:],
521 **factory_kwargs)
522 self._done_img_factory = True
--> 524 return super().draw(renderer=renderer, **kwargs)
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
69 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
70 renderer.start_filter()
---> 72 return draw(artist, renderer)
73 finally:
74 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/axes/_base.py:3070, in _AxesBase.draw(self, renderer)
3067 if artists_rasterized:
3068 _draw_rasterized(self.figure, artists_rasterized, renderer)
-> 3070 mimage._draw_list_compositing_images(
3071 renderer, self, artists, self.figure.suppressComposite)
3073 renderer.close_group('axes')
3074 self.stale = False
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/image.py:132, in _draw_list_compositing_images(renderer, parent, artists, suppress_composite)
130 if not_composite or not has_images:
131 for a in artists:
--> 132 a.draw(renderer)
133 else:
134 # Composite any adjacent images together
135 image_group = []
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
69 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
70 renderer.start_filter()
---> 72 return draw(artist, renderer)
73 finally:
74 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cartopy/mpl/feature_artist.py:185, in FeatureArtist.draw(self, renderer)
180 geoms = self._feature.geometries()
181 else:
182 # For efficiency on local maps with high resolution features (e.g
183 # from Natural Earth), only create paths for geometries that are
184 # in view.
--> 185 geoms = self._feature.intersecting_geometries(extent)
187 stylised_paths = {}
188 # Make an empty placeholder style dictionary for when styler is not
189 # used. Freeze it so that we can use it as a dict key. We will need
190 # to unfreeze all style dicts with dict(frozen) before passing to mpl.
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cartopy/feature/__init__.py:309, in NaturalEarthFeature.intersecting_geometries(self, extent)
302 """
303 Returns an iterator of shapely geometries that intersect with
304 the given extent.
305 The extent is assumed to be in the CRS of the feature.
306 If extent is None, the method returns all geometries for this dataset.
307 """
308 self.scaler.scale_from_extent(extent)
--> 309 return super().intersecting_geometries(extent)
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cartopy/feature/__init__.py:112, in Feature.intersecting_geometries(self, extent)
109 if extent is not None and not np.isnan(extent[0]):
110 extent_geom = sgeom.box(extent[0], extent[2],
111 extent[1], extent[3])
--> 112 return (geom for geom in self.geometries() if
113 geom is not None and extent_geom.intersects(geom))
114 else:
115 return self.geometries()
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cartopy/feature/__init__.py:291, in NaturalEarthFeature.geometries(self)
289 key = (self.name, self.category, self.scale)
290 if key not in _NATURAL_EARTH_GEOM_CACHE:
--> 291 path = shapereader.natural_earth(resolution=self.scale,
292 category=self.category,
293 name=self.name)
294 geometries = tuple(shapereader.Reader(path).geometries())
295 _NATURAL_EARTH_GEOM_CACHE[key] = geometries
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cartopy/io/shapereader.py:306, in natural_earth(resolution, category, name)
302 ne_downloader = Downloader.from_config(('shapefiles', 'natural_earth',
303 resolution, category, name))
304 format_dict = {'config': config, 'category': category,
305 'name': name, 'resolution': resolution}
--> 306 return ne_downloader.path(format_dict)
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cartopy/io/__init__.py:203, in Downloader.path(self, format_dict)
200 result_path = target_path
201 else:
202 # we need to download the file
--> 203 result_path = self.acquire_resource(target_path, format_dict)
205 return result_path
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cartopy/io/shapereader.py:359, in NEShpDownloader.acquire_resource(self, target_path, format_dict)
355 target_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
357 url = self.url(format_dict)
--> 359 shapefile_online = self._urlopen(url)
361 zfh = ZipFile(io.BytesIO(shapefile_online.read()), 'r')
363 for member_path in self.zip_file_contents(format_dict):
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cartopy/io/__init__.py:242, in Downloader._urlopen(self, url)
235 """
236 Returns a file handle to the given HTTP resource URL.
237
238 Caller should close the file handle when finished with it.
239
240 """
241 warnings.warn(f'Downloading: {url}', DownloadWarning)
--> 242 return urlopen(url)
File /usr/lib/python3.12/urllib/request.py:215, in urlopen(url, data, timeout, cafile, capath, cadefault, context)
213 else:
214 opener = _opener
--> 215 return opener.open(url, data, timeout)
File /usr/lib/python3.12/urllib/request.py:515, in OpenerDirector.open(self, fullurl, data, timeout)
512 req = meth(req)
514 sys.audit('urllib.Request', req.full_url, req.data, req.headers, req.get_method())
--> 515 response = self._open(req, data)
517 # post-process response
518 meth_name = protocol+"_response"
File /usr/lib/python3.12/urllib/request.py:532, in OpenerDirector._open(self, req, data)
529 return result
531 protocol = req.type
--> 532 result = self._call_chain(self.handle_open, protocol, protocol +
533 '_open', req)
534 if result:
535 return result
File /usr/lib/python3.12/urllib/request.py:492, in OpenerDirector._call_chain(self, chain, kind, meth_name, *args)
490 for handler in handlers:
491 func = getattr(handler, meth_name)
--> 492 result = func(*args)
493 if result is not None:
494 return result
File /usr/lib/python3.12/urllib/request.py:1392, in HTTPSHandler.https_open(self, req)
1391 def https_open(self, req):
-> 1392 return self.do_open(http.client.HTTPSConnection, req,
1393 context=self._context)
File /usr/lib/python3.12/urllib/request.py:1347, in AbstractHTTPHandler.do_open(self, http_class, req, **http_conn_args)
1344 h.request(req.get_method(), req.selector, req.data, headers,
1345 encode_chunked=req.has_header('Transfer-encoding'))
1346 except OSError as err: # timeout error
-> 1347 raise URLError(err)
1348 r = h.getresponse()
1349 except:
URLError: <urlopen error [Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution>
/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cartopy/io/__init__.py:241: DownloadWarning: Downloading: https://naturalearth.s3.amazonaws.com/10m_physical/ne_10m_coastline.zip
warnings.warn(f'Downloading: {url}', DownloadWarning)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
gaierror Traceback (most recent call last)
File /usr/lib/python3.12/urllib/request.py:1344, in AbstractHTTPHandler.do_open(self, http_class, req, **http_conn_args)
1343 try:
-> 1344 h.request(req.get_method(), req.selector, req.data, headers,
1345 encode_chunked=req.has_header('Transfer-encoding'))
1346 except OSError as err: # timeout error
File /usr/lib/python3.12/http/client.py:1336, in HTTPConnection.request(self, method, url, body, headers, encode_chunked)
1335 """Send a complete request to the server."""
-> 1336 self._send_request(method, url, body, headers, encode_chunked)
File /usr/lib/python3.12/http/client.py:1382, in HTTPConnection._send_request(self, method, url, body, headers, encode_chunked)
1381 body = _encode(body, 'body')
-> 1382 self.endheaders(body, encode_chunked=encode_chunked)
File /usr/lib/python3.12/http/client.py:1331, in HTTPConnection.endheaders(self, message_body, encode_chunked)
1330 raise CannotSendHeader()
-> 1331 self._send_output(message_body, encode_chunked=encode_chunked)
File /usr/lib/python3.12/http/client.py:1091, in HTTPConnection._send_output(self, message_body, encode_chunked)
1090 del self._buffer[:]
-> 1091 self.send(msg)
1093 if message_body is not None:
1094
1095 # create a consistent interface to message_body
File /usr/lib/python3.12/http/client.py:1035, in HTTPConnection.send(self, data)
1034 if self.auto_open:
-> 1035 self.connect()
1036 else:
File /usr/lib/python3.12/http/client.py:1470, in HTTPSConnection.connect(self)
1468 "Connect to a host on a given (SSL) port."
-> 1470 super().connect()
1472 if self._tunnel_host:
File /usr/lib/python3.12/http/client.py:1001, in HTTPConnection.connect(self)
1000 sys.audit("http.client.connect", self, self.host, self.port)
-> 1001 self.sock = self._create_connection(
1002 (self.host,self.port), self.timeout, self.source_address)
1003 # Might fail in OSs that don't implement TCP_NODELAY
File /usr/lib/python3.12/socket.py:829, in create_connection(address, timeout, source_address, all_errors)
828 exceptions = []
--> 829 for res in getaddrinfo(host, port, 0, SOCK_STREAM):
830 af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
File /usr/lib/python3.12/socket.py:964, in getaddrinfo(host, port, family, type, proto, flags)
963 addrlist = []
--> 964 for res in _socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, family, type, proto, flags):
965 af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
gaierror: [Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
URLError Traceback (most recent call last)
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/IPython/core/formatters.py:402, in BaseFormatter.__call__(self, obj)
400 pass
401 else:
--> 402 return printer(obj)
403 # Finally look for special method names
404 method = get_real_method(obj, self.print_method)
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/IPython/core/pylabtools.py:170, in print_figure(fig, fmt, bbox_inches, base64, **kwargs)
167 from matplotlib.backend_bases import FigureCanvasBase
168 FigureCanvasBase(fig)
--> 170 fig.canvas.print_figure(bytes_io, **kw)
171 data = bytes_io.getvalue()
172 if fmt == 'svg':
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/backend_bases.py:2164, in FigureCanvasBase.print_figure(self, filename, dpi, facecolor, edgecolor, orientation, format, bbox_inches, pad_inches, bbox_extra_artists, backend, **kwargs)
2161 # we do this instead of `self.figure.draw_without_rendering`
2162 # so that we can inject the orientation
2163 with getattr(renderer, "_draw_disabled", nullcontext)():
-> 2164 self.figure.draw(renderer)
2165 if bbox_inches:
2166 if bbox_inches == "tight":
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:95, in _finalize_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
93 @wraps(draw)
94 def draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs):
---> 95 result = draw(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
96 if renderer._rasterizing:
97 renderer.stop_rasterizing()
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
69 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
70 renderer.start_filter()
---> 72 return draw(artist, renderer)
73 finally:
74 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/figure.py:3154, in Figure.draw(self, renderer)
3151 # ValueError can occur when resizing a window.
3153 self.patch.draw(renderer)
-> 3154 mimage._draw_list_compositing_images(
3155 renderer, self, artists, self.suppressComposite)
3157 for sfig in self.subfigs:
3158 sfig.draw(renderer)
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/image.py:132, in _draw_list_compositing_images(renderer, parent, artists, suppress_composite)
130 if not_composite or not has_images:
131 for a in artists:
--> 132 a.draw(renderer)
133 else:
134 # Composite any adjacent images together
135 image_group = []
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
69 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
70 renderer.start_filter()
---> 72 return draw(artist, renderer)
73 finally:
74 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cartopy/mpl/geoaxes.py:524, in GeoAxes.draw(self, renderer, **kwargs)
519 self.imshow(img, extent=extent, origin=origin,
520 transform=factory.crs, *factory_args[1:],
521 **factory_kwargs)
522 self._done_img_factory = True
--> 524 return super().draw(renderer=renderer, **kwargs)
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
69 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
70 renderer.start_filter()
---> 72 return draw(artist, renderer)
73 finally:
74 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/axes/_base.py:3070, in _AxesBase.draw(self, renderer)
3067 if artists_rasterized:
3068 _draw_rasterized(self.figure, artists_rasterized, renderer)
-> 3070 mimage._draw_list_compositing_images(
3071 renderer, self, artists, self.figure.suppressComposite)
3073 renderer.close_group('axes')
3074 self.stale = False
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/image.py:132, in _draw_list_compositing_images(renderer, parent, artists, suppress_composite)
130 if not_composite or not has_images:
131 for a in artists:
--> 132 a.draw(renderer)
133 else:
134 # Composite any adjacent images together
135 image_group = []
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:72, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
69 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
70 renderer.start_filter()
---> 72 return draw(artist, renderer)
73 finally:
74 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cartopy/mpl/feature_artist.py:185, in FeatureArtist.draw(self, renderer)
180 geoms = self._feature.geometries()
181 else:
182 # For efficiency on local maps with high resolution features (e.g
183 # from Natural Earth), only create paths for geometries that are
184 # in view.
--> 185 geoms = self._feature.intersecting_geometries(extent)
187 stylised_paths = {}
188 # Make an empty placeholder style dictionary for when styler is not
189 # used. Freeze it so that we can use it as a dict key. We will need
190 # to unfreeze all style dicts with dict(frozen) before passing to mpl.
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cartopy/feature/__init__.py:309, in NaturalEarthFeature.intersecting_geometries(self, extent)
302 """
303 Returns an iterator of shapely geometries that intersect with
304 the given extent.
305 The extent is assumed to be in the CRS of the feature.
306 If extent is None, the method returns all geometries for this dataset.
307 """
308 self.scaler.scale_from_extent(extent)
--> 309 return super().intersecting_geometries(extent)
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cartopy/feature/__init__.py:112, in Feature.intersecting_geometries(self, extent)
109 if extent is not None and not np.isnan(extent[0]):
110 extent_geom = sgeom.box(extent[0], extent[2],
111 extent[1], extent[3])
--> 112 return (geom for geom in self.geometries() if
113 geom is not None and extent_geom.intersects(geom))
114 else:
115 return self.geometries()
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cartopy/feature/__init__.py:291, in NaturalEarthFeature.geometries(self)
289 key = (self.name, self.category, self.scale)
290 if key not in _NATURAL_EARTH_GEOM_CACHE:
--> 291 path = shapereader.natural_earth(resolution=self.scale,
292 category=self.category,
293 name=self.name)
294 geometries = tuple(shapereader.Reader(path).geometries())
295 _NATURAL_EARTH_GEOM_CACHE[key] = geometries
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cartopy/io/shapereader.py:306, in natural_earth(resolution, category, name)
302 ne_downloader = Downloader.from_config(('shapefiles', 'natural_earth',
303 resolution, category, name))
304 format_dict = {'config': config, 'category': category,
305 'name': name, 'resolution': resolution}
--> 306 return ne_downloader.path(format_dict)
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cartopy/io/__init__.py:203, in Downloader.path(self, format_dict)
200 result_path = target_path
201 else:
202 # we need to download the file
--> 203 result_path = self.acquire_resource(target_path, format_dict)
205 return result_path
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cartopy/io/shapereader.py:359, in NEShpDownloader.acquire_resource(self, target_path, format_dict)
355 target_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
357 url = self.url(format_dict)
--> 359 shapefile_online = self._urlopen(url)
361 zfh = ZipFile(io.BytesIO(shapefile_online.read()), 'r')
363 for member_path in self.zip_file_contents(format_dict):
File /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cartopy/io/__init__.py:242, in Downloader._urlopen(self, url)
235 """
236 Returns a file handle to the given HTTP resource URL.
237
238 Caller should close the file handle when finished with it.
239
240 """
241 warnings.warn(f'Downloading: {url}', DownloadWarning)
--> 242 return urlopen(url)
File /usr/lib/python3.12/urllib/request.py:215, in urlopen(url, data, timeout, cafile, capath, cadefault, context)
213 else:
214 opener = _opener
--> 215 return opener.open(url, data, timeout)
File /usr/lib/python3.12/urllib/request.py:515, in OpenerDirector.open(self, fullurl, data, timeout)
512 req = meth(req)
514 sys.audit('urllib.Request', req.full_url, req.data, req.headers, req.get_method())
--> 515 response = self._open(req, data)
517 # post-process response
518 meth_name = protocol+"_response"
File /usr/lib/python3.12/urllib/request.py:532, in OpenerDirector._open(self, req, data)
529 return result
531 protocol = req.type
--> 532 result = self._call_chain(self.handle_open, protocol, protocol +
533 '_open', req)
534 if result:
535 return result
File /usr/lib/python3.12/urllib/request.py:492, in OpenerDirector._call_chain(self, chain, kind, meth_name, *args)
490 for handler in handlers:
491 func = getattr(handler, meth_name)
--> 492 result = func(*args)
493 if result is not None:
494 return result
File /usr/lib/python3.12/urllib/request.py:1392, in HTTPSHandler.https_open(self, req)
1391 def https_open(self, req):
-> 1392 return self.do_open(http.client.HTTPSConnection, req,
1393 context=self._context)
File /usr/lib/python3.12/urllib/request.py:1347, in AbstractHTTPHandler.do_open(self, http_class, req, **http_conn_args)
1344 h.request(req.get_method(), req.selector, req.data, headers,
1345 encode_chunked=req.has_header('Transfer-encoding'))
1346 except OSError as err: # timeout error
-> 1347 raise URLError(err)
1348 r = h.getresponse()
1349 except:
URLError: <urlopen error [Errno -3] Temporary failure in name resolution>
<Figure size 1000x1000 with 1 Axes>
Finally, we can also pull out a time series for a given location easily:
[5]:
ds.t2m.sel(longitude=0, latitude=51.5).plot()
plt.title("ERA5 - London 2m temperature March 2019")
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[5], line 1
----> 1 ds.t2m.sel(longitude=0, latitude=51.5).plot()
2 plt.title("ERA5 - London 2m temperature March 2019")
NameError: name 'ds' is not defined
