LaTeX2e
1 About this document
2 Overview of LaTeX
3 Starting & ending
4 Document classes
5 Typefaces
6 Layout
7 Sectioning
8 Cross references
9 Environments
10 Line breaking
11 Page breaking
12 Footnotes
13 Definitions
14 Counters
15 Lengths
16 Making paragraphs
17 Math formulas
18 Modes
19 Page styles
20 Spaces
21 Boxes
22 Special insertions
23 Splitting the input
24 Front/back matter
25 Letters
26 Terminal input/output
27 Command line
Appendix A Document templates
Concept Index
Command Index
LaTeX2e
1 About this document
2 Overview of LaTeX
3 Starting & ending
4 Document classes
  4.1 Document class options
5 Typefaces
  5.1 Font styles
  5.2 Font sizes
  5.3 Low-level font commands
6 Layout
  6.1 '\onecolumn'
  6.2 '\twocolumn'
  6.3 '\flushbottom'
  6.4 '\raggedbottom'
  6.5 Page layout parameters
7 Sectioning
8 Cross references
  8.1 '\label'
  8.2 '\pageref{KEY}'
  8.3 '\ref{KEY}'
9 Environments
  9.1 'abstract'
  9.2 'array'
  9.3 'center'
    9.3.1 '\centering'
  9.4 'description'
  9.5 'displaymath'
  9.6 'document'
  9.7 'enumerate'
  9.8 'eqnarray'
  9.9 'equation'
  9.10 'figure'
  9.11 'flushleft'
    9.11.1 '\raggedright'
  9.12 'flushright'
    9.12.1 '\raggedleft'
  9.13 'itemize'
  9.14 'letter' environment: writing letters
  9.15 'list'
  9.16 'math'
  9.17 'minipage'
  9.18 'picture'
    9.18.1 '\circle'
    9.18.2 '\makebox'
    9.18.3 '\framebox'
    9.18.4 '\dashbox'
    9.18.5 '\frame'
    9.18.6 '\line'
    9.18.7 '\linethickness'
    9.18.8 '\thicklines'
    9.18.9 '\thinlines'
    9.18.10 '\multiput'
    9.18.11 '\oval'
    9.18.12 '\put'
    9.18.13 '\shortstack'
    9.18.14 '\vector'
  9.19 'quotation'
  9.20 'quote'
  9.21 'tabbing'
  9.22 'table'
  9.23 'tabular'
    9.23.1 '\multicolumn'
    9.23.2 '\cline'
    9.23.3 '\hline'
    9.23.4 '\vline'
  9.24 'thebibliography'
    9.24.1 '\bibitem'
    9.24.2 '\cite'
    9.24.3 '\nocite'
    9.24.4 Using BibTeX
  9.25 'theorem'
  9.26 'titlepage'
  9.27 'verbatim'
    9.27.1 '\verb'
  9.28 'verse'
10 Line breaking
  10.1 '\\'[*][MORESPACE]
  10.2 '\obeycr' & '\restorecr'
  10.3 '\newline'
  10.4 '\-' (discretionary hyphen)
  10.5 '\fussy'
  10.6 '\sloppy'
  10.7 '\hyphenation'
  10.8 '\linebreak' & '\nolinebreak'
11 Page breaking
  11.1 '\cleardoublepage'
  11.2 '\clearpage'
  11.3 '\newpage'
  11.4 '\enlargethispage'
  11.5 '\pagebreak' & '\nopagebreak'
12 Footnotes
  12.1 '\footnote'
  12.2 '\footnotemark'
  12.3 '\footnotetext'
  12.4 Symbolic footnotes
  12.5 Footnote parameters
13 Definitions
  13.1 '\newcommand' & '\renewcommand'
  13.2 '\newcounter'
  13.3 '\newlength'
  13.4 '\newsavebox'
  13.5 '\newenvironment' & '\renewenvironment'
  13.6 '\newtheorem'
  13.7 '\newfont'
  13.8 '\protect'
14 Counters
  14.1 '\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol': Printing counters
  14.2 '\usecounter{COUNTER}'
  14.3 '\value{COUNTER}'
  14.4 '\setcounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}'
  14.5 '\addtocounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}'
  14.6 '\refstepcounter{COUNTER}'
  14.7 '\stepcounter{COUNTER}'
  14.8 '\day \month \year': Predefined counters
15 Lengths
  15.1 '\setlength{\LEN}{VALUE}'
  15.2 \addtolength{\LEN}{AMOUNT}
  15.3 '\settodepth'
  15.4 '\settoheight'
  15.5 '\settowidth{\LEN}{TEXT}'
  15.6 Predefined lengths
16 Making paragraphs
  16.1 '\indent'
  16.2 '\noindent'
  16.3 '\parskip'
  16.4 Marginal notes
17 Math formulas
  17.1 Subscripts & superscripts
  17.2 Math symbols
  17.3 Math functions
  17.4 Math accents
  17.5 Spacing in math mode
  17.6 Math miscellany
18 Modes
19 Page styles
  19.1 '\maketitle'
  19.2 '\pagenumbering'
  19.3 '\pagestyle'
  19.4 '\thispagestyle{STYLE}'
20 Spaces
  20.1 '\hspace'
  20.2 '\hfill'
  20.3 '\SPACE'
  20.4 '\@'
  20.5 '\thinspace'
  20.6 '\/'
  20.7 '\hrulefill'
  20.8 '\dotfill'
  20.9 '\addvspace'
  20.10 '\bigskip \medskip \smallskip'
  20.11 '\vfill'
  20.12 '\vspace[*]{LENGTH}'
21 Boxes
  21.1 '\mbox{TEXT}'
  21.2 '\fbox' and '\framebox'
  21.3 'lrbox'
  21.4 '\makebox'
  21.5 '\parbox'
  21.6 '\raisebox'
  21.7 '\savebox'
  21.8 '\sbox{\BOXCMD}{TEXT}'
  21.9 '\usebox{\BOXCMD'
22 Special insertions
  22.1 Reserved characters
  22.2 Text symbols
  22.3 Accents
  22.4 Non-English characters
  22.5 '\rule'
  22.6 '\today'
23 Splitting the input
  23.1 '\include'
  23.2 \'includeonly'
  23.3 \input
24 Front/back matter
  24.1 Tables of contents
    24.1.1 \addcontentsline
    24.1.2 \addtocontents
  24.2 Glossaries
  24.3 Indexes
25 Letters
  25.1 \address{RETURN-ADDRESS}
  25.2 '\cc'
  25.3 '\closing'
  25.4 '\encl'
  25.5 '\location'
  25.6 '\makelabels'
  25.7 '\name'
  25.8 '\opening{TEXT}'
  25.9 '\ps'
  25.10 '\signature{TEXT}'
  25.11 '\startbreaks'
  25.12 '\stopbreaks'
  25.13 '\telephone'
26 Terminal input/output
  26.1 '\typein[CMD]{MSG}'
  26.2 '\typeout{MSG}'
27 Command line
Appendix A Document templates
  A.1 'book' template
  A.2 'beamer' template
  A.3 'tugboat' template
Concept Index
Command Index
LaTeX2e
*******

This document is an unofficial reference manual for LaTeX, a document
preparation system, version as of May 2013.  It is intended to cover
LaTeX2e, which has been the standard version of LaTeX for many years.

1 About this document
*********************

The LaTeX document preparation system is implemented as a macro package
for Donald E. Knuth's TeX typesetting program.  LaTeX was originally
created by Leslie Lamport; it is now maintained by a group of volunteers
(<http://latex-project.org>).  The official documentation written by the
LaTeX project is available from their web site.

   The present document is completely unofficial and has not been
reviewed by the LaTeX maintainers.  Do not send bug reports or anything
else about this document to them.  Instead, please send all comments to
<latexrefman-discuss@gna.org>.

   The home page for this document is <http://home.gna.org/latexrefman>.
That page has links to the current output in various formats, sources,
mailing lists, and other infrastructure.

   Of course, there are many, many other sources of information about
LaTeX.  Here are a few:

<http://www.ctan.org/pkg/latex-doc-ptr>
     Two pages of recommended references to LaTeX documentation.

<http://www.ctan.org/pkg/first-latex-doc>
     Writing your first document, with a bit of both text and math.

<http://www.ctan.org/pkg/usrguide>
     The guide for document authors maintained as part of LaTeX; there
     are several others.

<http://tug.org/begin.html>
     Introduction to the TeX system, including LaTeX.

2 Overview of LaTeX
*******************

What is LaTeX?

   LaTeX typesets a file of text using the TeX program and the LaTeX
"macro package" for TeX.  That is, it processes an input file containing
the text of a document with interspersed commands that describe how the
text should be formatted.  LaTeX files are plain text that can be
written in any reasonable editor.  It produces at least three files as
output:

  1. The main output file, which is one of:

     '.dvi'
          If invoked as 'latex', a "Device Independent" ('.dvi') file is
          produced.  This contains commands that can be translated into
          commands for virtually any output device.  You can view such
          '.dvi' output of LaTeX by using a program such as 'xdvi'
          (display directly), 'dvips' (convert to PostScript), or
          'dvipdfmx' (convert to PDF).

     '.pdf'
          If invoked as 'pdflatex', a "Portable Document Format"
          ('.pdf') file.  Typically, this is a self-contained file, with
          all fonts and images embedded.  This can be very useful, but
          it does make the output much larger than the '.dvi' produced
          from the same document.

          If invoked as 'lualatex', a '.pdf' file is created using the
          LuaTeX engine (<http://luatex.org>).

          If invoked as 'xelatex', a '.pdf' file is created using the
          XeTeX engine (<http://tug.org/xetex>).

     Many other less-common variants of LaTeX (and TeX) exist, which can
     produce HTML, XML, and other things.

  2. The "transcript" or '.log' file that contains summary information
     and diagnostic messages for any errors discovered in the input
     file.

  3. An "auxiliary" or '.aux' file.  This is used by LaTeX itself, for
     things such as cross-references.

   An open-ended list of other files might be created.  We won't try to
list them all.  Xxx components?

   In the LaTeX input file, a command name starts with a '\', followed
by either (a) a string of letters or (b) a single non-letter.  Arguments
contained in square brackets, '[]', are optional while arguments
contained in braces, '{}', are required.

   LaTeX is case sensitive.  Enter all commands in lower case unless
explicitly directed to do otherwise.

3 Starting & ending
*******************

A minimal input file looks like the following:

     \documentclass{CLASS}
     \begin{document}
     YOUR TEXT
     \end{document}

where the CLASS is a valid document class for LaTeX.  *Note Document
classes::, for details of the various document classes available
locally.

   You may include other LaTeX commands between the '\documentclass' and
the '\begin{document}' commands (this area is called the "preamble").

4 Document classes
******************

The class of a given document is defined with the command:

     \documentclass[OPTIONS]{CLASS}

The '\documentclass' command must be the first command in a LaTeX source
file.

   Built-in LaTeX document CLASS names are (many other document classes
are available as add-ons; *note Overview::):

     article  report  book  letter  slides

   Standard OPTIONS are described below.

4.1 Document class options
==========================

You can specify so-called "global options" or "class options" to the
'\documentclass' command by enclosing them in square brackets as usual.
To specify more than one OPTION, separate them with a comma:

     \documentclass[OPTION1,OPTION2,...]{CLASS}

   Here is the list of the standard class options.

   All of the standard classes except 'slides' accept the following
options for selecting the typeface size (default is '10pt'):

     10pt  11pt  12pt

   All of the standard classes accept these options for selecting the
paper size (default is 'letterpaper'):

     a4paper a5paper b5paper executivepaper legalpaper letterpaper

   Miscellaneous other options:

'draft, final'
     mark/do not mark overfull boxes with a big black box; default is
     'final'.
'fleqn'
     Put displayed formulas flush left; default is centered.
'landscape'
     Selects landscape format; default is portrait.
'leqno'
     Put equation numbers on the left side of equations; default is the
     right side.
'openbib'
     Use "open" bibliography format.
'titlepage, notitlepage'
     Specifies whether the title page is separate; default depends on
     the class.

   These options are not available with the slides class:

'onecolumn'
'twocolumn'
     Typeset in one or two columns; default is 'onecolumn'.

'oneside'
'twoside'
     Selects one- or two-sided layout; default is 'oneside', except for
     the 'book' class.

     The '\evensidemargin' ('\oddsidemargin' parameter determines the
     distance on even (odd) numbered pages between the left side of the
     page and the text's left margin.  The defaults vary with the paper
     size and whether one- or two-side layout is selected.  For
     one-sided printing the text is centered, for two-sided,
     '\oddsidemargin' is 40% of the difference between '\paperwidth' and
     '\textwidth', with '\evensidemargin' the remainder.

'openright'
'openany'
     Determines if a chapter should start on a right-hand page; default
     is 'openright' for book.

   The 'slides' class offers the option 'clock' for printing the time at
the bottom of each note.

   Additional packages are loaded like this:

     \usepackage[OPTIONS]{PKG}

   To specify more than one PKG, you can separate them with a comma, or
use multiple '\usepackage' commands.

   Any options given in the '\documentclass' command that are unknown by
the selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with
'\usepackage'.

5 Typefaces
***********

Two important aspects of selecting a "font" are specifying a size and a
style.  The LaTeX commands for doing this are described here.

5.1 Font styles
===============

The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX.

   This first group of commands is typically used like '\textit{italic
text}'.  The corresponding command in parenthesis is the "declaration
form", which takes no arguments.  The scope of the declaration form
lasts until the next type style command or the end of the current group.

   The declaration forms are cumulative; i.e., you can say either
'\sffamily\bfseries' or '\bfseries\sffamily' to get bold sans serif.

   You can alternatively use an environment form of the declarations;
for instance, '\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}'.

   These commands automatically supply an italic correction if the
'\textrm (\rmfamily)'
     Roman.

'\textit (\itshape)'
     Italics.

'\emph'
     Emphasis (switches between '\textit' and '\textrm').

'\textmd (\mdseries)'
     Medium weight (default).

'\textbf (\bfseries)'
     Boldface.

'\textup (\upshape)'
     Upright (default).  The opposite of slanted.

'\textsl (\slshape)'
     Slanted.

'\textsf (\sffamily)'
     Sans serif.

'\textsc (\scshape)'
     Small caps.

'\texttt (\ttfamily)'
     Typewriter.

'\textnormal (\normalfont)'
     Main document font.

'\mathrm'
     Roman, for use in math mode.

'\mathbf'
     Boldface, for use in math mode.

'\mathsf'
     Sans serif, for use in math mode.

'\mathtt'
     Typewriter, for use in math mode.

'\mathit'
'(\mit)'
     Italics, for use in math mode.

'\mathnormal'
     For use in math mode, e.g.  inside another type style declaration.

'\mathcal'
     'Calligraphic' letters, for use in math mode.

   In addition, the command '\mathversion{bold}' can be used for
switching to bold letters and symbols in formulas.
'\mathversion{normal}' restores the default.

   Finally, the command '\oldstylenums{NUMERALS}' will typeset so-called
"old-style" numerals, which have differing heights and depths (and
sometimes widths) from the standard "lining" numerals.  LaTeX's default
fonts support this, and will respect '\textbf' (but not other styles;
there are no italic old-style numerals in Computer Modern).  Many other
fonts have old-style numerals also; sometimes the 'textcomp' package
must be loaded, and sometimes package options are provided to make them
the default.  FAQ entry:
<http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=osf>.

   LaTeX also provides these commands, which unconditionally switch to
the given style, that is, are _not_ cumulative.  They are used
differently than the above commands, too: '{\CMD ...}' instead of
'\CMD{...}'.  These are two very different things.

'\bf'
     Switch to bold face.

'\cal'
     Switch to calligraphic letters for math.

'\em'
     Emphasis (italics within roman, roman within italics).

'\it'
     Italics.

'\rm'
     Roman.

'\sc'
     Small caps.

'\sf'
     Sans serif.

'\sl'
     Slanted (oblique).

'\tt'
     Typewriter (monospace, fixed-width).

5.2 Font sizes
==============

The following standard type size commands are supported by LaTeX.  The
table shows the command name and the corresponding actual font size used
(in points) with the '10pt', '11pt', and '12pt' document size options,
respectively (*note Document class options::).

Command                   '10pt'  '11pt'  '12pt'
--------------------------------------------------
'\tiny'                   5       6       6
'\scriptsize'             7       8       8
'\footnotesize'           8       9       10
'\small'                  9       10      10.95
'\normalsize' (default)   10      10.95   12
'\large'                  12      12      14.4
'\Large'                  14.4    14.4    17.28
'\LARGE'                  17.28   17.28   20.74
'\huge'                   20.74   20.74   24.88
'\Huge'                   24.88   24.88   24.88

   The commands as listed here are "declaration forms".  The scope of
the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or the end
of the current group.  You can also use the environment form of these
commands; for instance, '\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}'.

5.3 Low-level font commands
===========================

These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and
packages.  The commands listed here are only a subset of the available
ones.

'\fontencoding{enc}'
     Select font encoding.  Valid encodings include 'OT1' and 'T1'.

'\fontfamily{family}'
     Select font family.  Valid families include:

        * 'cmr' for Computer Modern Roman
        * 'cmss' for Computer Modern Sans Serif
        * 'cmtt' for Computer Modern Typewriter

     and numerous others.

'\fontseries{series}'
     Select font series.  Valid series include:

        * 'm' Medium (normal)
        * 'b' Bold
        * 'c' Condensed
        * 'bc' Bold condensed
        * 'bx' Bold extended

     and various other combinations.

'\fontshape{shape}'
     Select font shape.  Valid shapes are:

        * 'n' Upright (normal)
        * 'it' Italic
        * 'sl' Slanted (oblique)
        * 'sc' Small caps
        * 'ui' Upright italics
        * 'ol' Outline

     The two last shapes are not available for most font families.

'\fontsize{size}{skip}'
     Set font size.  The first parameter is the font size to switch to
     and the second is the line spacing to use; this is stored in a
     parameter named '\baselineskip'.  The unit of both parameters
     defaults to pt.  The default '\baselineskip' for the Computer
     Modern typeface is 1.2 times the '\fontsize'.

     The line spacing is also multiplied by the value of the
     '\baselinestretch' parameter when the type size changes; the
     default is 1.  However, the best way to "double space" a document,
     if you should be unlucky enough to have to produce such, is to use
     the 'setspace' package; see
     <http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=linespace>.

'\linespread{FACTOR}'
     Equivalent to '\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{FACTOR}', and
     therefore must be followed by '\selectfont' to have any effect.
     Best specified in the preamble, or use the 'setspace' package, as
     described just above.

     The changes made by calling the font commands described above do
     not come into effect until '\selectfont' is called.

'\usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape}'
     The same as invoking '\fontencoding', '\fontfamily', '\fontseries'
     and '\fontshape' with the given parameters, followed by
     '\selectfont'.

6 Layout
********

Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page.

6.1 '\onecolumn'
================

The '\onecolumn' declaration starts a new page and produces
single-column output.  This is the default.

6.2 '\twocolumn'
================

Synopsis:

     \twocolumn[TEXT1COL]

   The '\twocolumn' declaration starts a new page and produces
two-column output.  If the optional TEXT1COL argument is present, it is
typeset in one-column mode before the two-column typesetting starts.

   These parameters control typesetting in two-column output:

'\columnsep'
     The distance between columns (35pt by default).

'\columnseprule'
     The width of the rule between columns; the default is 0pt, so there
     is no rule.

'\columnwidth'
     The width of the current column; this is equal to '\textwidth' in
     single-column text.

   These parameters control float behavior in two-column output:

'\dbltopfraction'
     Maximum fraction at the top of a two-column page that may be
     occupied by floats.  Default '.7', can be usefully redefined to
     (say) '.9' to avoid going to float pages so soon.

'\dblfloatpagefraction'
     The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by
     floats, for a two-column float page.  Default '.5'.

'\dblfloatsep'
     Distance between floats at the top or bottom of a two-column float
     page.  Default '12pt plus2pt minus2pt' for '10pt' and '11pt'
     documents, '14pt plus2pt minus4pt' for '12pt'.

'\dbltextfloatsep'
     Distance between a multi-column float at the top or bottom of a
     page and the main text.  Default '20pt plus2pt minus4pt'.

6.3 '\flushbottom'
==================

The '\flushbottom' declaration makes all text pages the same height,
adding extra vertical space where necessary to fill out the page.

   This is the default if 'twocolumn' mode is selected (*note Document
class options::).

6.4 '\raggedbottom'
===================

The '\raggedbottom' declaration makes all pages the natural height of
the material on that page.  No rubber lengths will be stretched.

6.5 Page layout parameters
==========================

'\headheight'
     Height of the box that contains the running head.  Default is
     '30pt', except in the 'book' class, where it varies with the type
     size.

'\headsep'
     Vertical distance between the bottom of the header line and the top
     of the main text.  Default is '25pt', except in the 'book' class,
     where it varies with the type size.

'\footskip'
     Distance from the baseline of the last line of text to the baseline
     of the page footer.  Default is '30pt', except in the 'book' class,
     where it varies with the type size.

'\linewidth'
     Width of the current line, decreased for each nested 'list' (*note
     list::).  Specifically, it is smaller than '\textwidth' by the sum
     of '\leftmargin' and '\rightmargin' (*note itemize::).  The default
     varies with the font size, paper width, two-column mode, etc.  For
     an 'article' document in '10pt', it's set to '345pt'; in two-column
     mode, that becomes '229.5pt'.

'\textheight'
     The normal vertical height of the page body; the default varies
     with the font size, document class, etc.  For an 'article' or
     'report' document in '10pt', it's set to '43\baselineskip'; for
     'book', it's '41\baselineskip'.  For '11pt', it's '38\baselineskip'
     and for '12pt', '36\baselineskip'.

'\textwidth'
     The full horizontal width of the entire page body; the default
     varies as usual.  For an 'article' or 'report' document, it's
     '345pt' at '10pt', '360pt' at '11pt', and '390pt' at '12pt'.  For a
     'book' document, it's '4.5in' at '10pt', and '5in' at '11pt' or
     '12pt'.

     In multi-column output, '\textwidth' remains the width of the
     entire page body, while '\columnwidth' is the width of one column
     (*note \twocolumn::).

     In lists (*note list::), '\textwidth' remains the width of the
     entire page body (and '\columnwidth' the width of the entire
     column), while '\linewidth' may decrease for nested lists.

     Inside a minipage (*note minipage::) or '\parbox' (*note
     \parbox::), all the width-related parameters are set to the
     specified width, and revert to their normal values at the end of
     the 'minipage' or '\parbox'.

     For completeness: '\hsize' is the TeX primitive parameter used when
     text is broken into lines.  It should not be used in normal LaTeX
     documents.

'\topmargin'
     Space between the top of the TeX page (one inch from the top of the
     paper, by default) and the top of the header.  The default is
     computed based on many other parameters: '\paperheight - 2in -
     \headheight - \headsep - \textheight - \footskip', and then divided
     by two.

'\topskip'
     Minimum distance between the top of the page body and the baseline
     of the first line of text.  For the standard clases, the default is
     the same as the font size, e.g., '10pt' at '10pt'.

7 Sectioning
************

Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units:

'\part'
'\chapter'
     (report and book class only)
'\section'
'\subsection'
'\subsubsection'
'\paragraph'
'\subparagraph'

   All sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g.,

     \chapter[TOCTITLE]{TITLE}

   In addition to providing the heading TITLE in the main text, the
section title can appear in two other places:

  1. The table of contents.
  2. The running head at the top of the page.

   You may not want the same text in these places as in the main text.
To handle this, the sectioning commands have an optional argument
TOCTITLE that, when given, specifies the text for these other places.

   Also, all sectioning commands have '*'-forms that print TITLE as
usual, but do not include a number and do not make an entry in the table
of contents.  For instance:

     \section*{Preamble}

   The '\appendix' command changes the way following sectional units are
numbered.  The '\appendix' command itself generates no text and does not
affect the numbering of parts.  The normal use of this command is
something like

     \chapter{A Chapter}
     ...
     \appendix
     \chapter{The First Appendix}

   The 'secnumdepth' counter controls printing of section numbers.  The
setting

     \setcounter{secnumdepth}{LEVEL}

suppresses heading numbers at any depth > LEVEL, where 'chapter' is
level zero.  (*Note \setcounter::.)

8 Cross references
******************

One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer
the reader to them, as in "See Figure 3 for more details."

8.1 '\label'
============

Synopsis:

     \label{KEY}

   A '\label' command appearing in ordinary text assigns to KEY the
number of the current sectional unit; one appearing inside a numbered
environment assigns that number to KEY.

   A KEY name can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or
punctuation characters.  Upper and lowercase letters are distinguished.

   To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, it is
common to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by a
colon or period.  Some conventionally-used prefixes:

'ch'
     for chapters
'sec'
     for lower-level sectioning commands
'fig'
     for figures
'tab'
     for tables
'eq'
     for equations

   Thus, a label for a figure would look like 'fig:snark' or
'fig.snark'.

8.2 '\pageref{KEY}'
===================

Synopsis:

     \pageref{KEY}

   The '\pageref'{KEY} command produces the page number of the place in
the text where the corresponding '\label'{KEY} command appears.

8.3 '\ref{KEY}'
===============

Synopsis:

     \ref{KEY}

   The '\ref' command produces the number of the sectional unit,
equation, footnote, figure, ..., of the corresponding '\label' command
(*note \label::).  It does not produce any text, such as the word
'Section' or 'Figure', just the bare number itself.

9 Environments
**************

LaTeX provides many environments for marking off certain text.  Each
environment begins and ends in the same manner:

     \begin{ENVNAME}
     ...
     \end{ENVNAME}

9.1 'abstract'
==============

Synopsis:
     \begin{abstract}
     ...
     \end{abstract}

   Environment for producing an abstract, possibly of multiple
paragraphs.

9.2 'array'
===========

Synopsis:

     \begin{array}{TEMPLATE}
     COL1 TEXT&COL1 TEXT&COLN}\\
     ...
     \end{array}

   Math arrays are produced with the 'array' environment, normally
within an 'equation' environment (*note equation::).  It has a single
mandatory TEMPLATE argument describing the number of columns and the
alignment within them.  Each column COL is specified by a single letter
that tells how items in that row should be formatted, as follows:

'c'
     centered
'l'
     flush left
'r'
     flush right

   Column entries are separated by '&'.  Column entries may include
other LaTeX commands.  Each row of the array is terminated with '\\'.

   In the template, the construct '@{TEXT}' puts TEXT between columns in
each row.

   Here's an example:

     \begin{equation}
       \begin{array}{lrc}
       left1 & right1 & centered1 \\
       left2 & right2 & centered2 \\
       \end{array}
     \end{equation}

   The '\arraycolsep' parameter defines half the width of the space
separating columns; the default is '5pt'.  *Note tabular::, for other
parameters which affect formatting in 'array' environments, namely
'\arrayrulewidth' and '\arraystretch'.

   The 'array' environment can only be used in math mode.

9.3 'center'
============

Synopsis:

     \begin{center}
     LINE1 \\
     LINE2 \\
     \end{center}

   The 'center' environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting
of lines that are centered within the left and right margins on the
current page.  Each line is terminated with the string '\\'.

9.3.1 '\centering'
------------------

The '\centering' declaration corresponds to the 'center' environment.
This declaration can be used inside an environment such as 'quote' or in
a 'parbox'.  Thus, the text of a figure or table can be centered on the
page by putting a '\centering' command at the beginning of the figure or
table environment.

   Unlike the 'center' environment, the '\centering' command does not
start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph
units.  To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the
declaration must contain the blank line or '\end' command (of an
environment such as quote) that ends the paragraph unit.

   Here's an example:

     \begin{quote}
     \centering
     first line \\
     second line \\
     \end{quote}

9.4 'description'
=================

Synopsis:

     \begin{description}
     \item [LABEL1] ITEM1
     \item [LABEL2] ITEM2
     ...
     \end{description}

   The 'description' environment is used to make labelled lists.  Each
LABEL is typeset in bold, flush right.  The ITEM text may contain
multiple paragraphs.

   Another variation: since the bold style is applied to the labels, if
you typeset a label in typewriter using '\texttt', you'll get bold
typewriter: '\item[\texttt{bold and typewriter}]'.  This may be too
bold, among other issues.  To get just typewriter, use '\tt', which
resets all other style variations: '\item[{\tt plain typewriter}]'.

   For details about list spacing, see *note itemize::.

9.5 'displaymath'
=================

Synopsis:

     \begin{displaymath}
     MATH
     \end{displaymath}

or

     \[MATH\]

   The 'displaymath' environment ('\[...\]' is a synonym) typesets the
MATH text on its own line, centered by default.  The global 'fleqn'
option makes equations flush left; see *note Document class options::.

   No equation number is added to 'displaymath' text; to get an equation
number, use the 'equation' environment (*note equation::).

9.6 'document'
==============

The 'document' environment encloses the body of a document.  It is
required in every LaTeX document.  *Note Starting & ending::.

9.7 'enumerate'
===============

Synopsis:

     \begin{enumerate}
     \item ITEM1
     \item ITEM2
     ...
     \end{enumerate}

   The 'enumerate' environment produces a numbered list.  Enumerations
can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep.  They can also
be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such as 'itemize'
(*note itemize::) and 'description' (*note description::).

   Each item of an enumerated list begins with an '\item' command.
There must be at least one '\item' command within the environment.

   By default, the numbering at each level is done like this:

  1. 1., 2., ...
  2. (a), (b), ...
  3. i., ii., ...
  4. A., B., ...

   The 'enumerate' environment uses the counters '\enumi' through
'\enumiv' counters (*note Counters::).  If the optional argument to
'\item' is given, the counter is not incremented for that item.

   The 'enumerate' environment uses the commands '\labelenumi' through
'\labelenumiv' to produce the default label.  So, you can use
'\renewcommand' to change the labels (*note \newcommand &
\renewcommand::).  For instance, to have the first level use uppercase
letters:

     \renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\Alph{enumi}}

9.8 'eqnarray'
==============

First, a caveat: the 'eqnarray' environment has some infelicities which
cannot be overcome; the article "Avoid eqnarray!" by Lars Madsen
describes them in detail
(<http://tug.org/TUGboat/tb33-1/tb103madsen.pdf>).  The bottom line is
that it is better to use the 'align' environment (and others) from the
'amsmath' package.

   Nevertheless, here is a description of 'eqnarray':

     \begin{eqnarray}  (or 'eqnarray*')
     FORMULA1 \\
     FORMULA2 \\
     ...
     \end{eqnarray}

   The 'eqnarray' environment is used to display a sequence of equations
or inequalities.  It is very much like a three-column 'array'
environment, with consecutive rows separated by '\\' and consecutive
items within a row separated by an '&'.

   '\\*' can also be used to separate equations, with its normal meaning
of not allowing a page break at that line.

   An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has a
'\nonumber' command.  Alternatively, The '*'-form of the environment
('\begin{eqnarray*} ... \end{eqnarray*}') will omit equation numbering
entirely, while otherwise being the same as 'eqnarray'.

   The command '\lefteqn' is used for splitting long formulas across
lines.  It typesets its argument in display style flush left in a box of
zero width.

9.9 'equation'
==============

Synopsis:

     \begin{equation}
     MATH
     \end{equation}

   The 'equation' environment starts a 'displaymath' environment (*note
displaymath::), e.g., centering the MATH text on the page, and also
places an equation number in the right margin.

9.10 'figure'
=============

     \begin{figure[*]}[PLACEMENT]
     FIGBODY
     \label{LABEL}
     \caption[LOFTITLE]{TEXT}
     \end{figure}

   Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are
instead "floated" to a convenient place, such as the top of a page.
Figures will not be split between two pages.

   When typesetting in double-columns, the starred form produces a
full-width figure (across both columns).

   The optional argument '[placement]' determines where LaTeX will try
to place your figure.  There are four places where LaTeX can possibly
put a float:

't'
     (Top)--at the top of a text page.

'b'
     (Bottom)--at the bottom of a text page.  However, 'b' is not
     allowed for full-width floats ('figure*') with double-column
     output.  To ameliorate this, use the 'stfloats' or 'dblfloatfix'
     package, but see the discussion at caveats in the FAQ:
     <http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat>.

'h'
     (Here)--at the position in the text where the figure environment
     appears.  However, this is not allowed by itself; 't' is
     automatically added.

     To absolutely force a figure to appear "here", you can
     '\usepackage{float}' and use the 'H' specifier which it defines.
     For further discussion, see the FAQ entry at
     <http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=figurehere>.

'p'
     (Page of floats)--on a separate float page, which is a page
     containing no text, only floats.

'!'
     Used in addition to one of the above; for this float only, LaTeX
     ignores the restrictions on both the number of floats that can
     appear and the relative amounts of float and non-float text on the
     page.  The '!' specifier does _not_ mean "put the float here"; see
     above.

   The standard report and article classes use the default placement
'tbp'.

   The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands,
etc. you wish.

   The '\caption' command specifies caption TEXT for the figure.  The
caption is numbered by default.  If LOFTITLE is present, it is used in
the list of figures instead of TEXT (*note Tables of contents::).

   Parameters relating to fractions of pages occupied by float and
non-float text:

     The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occuped by floats at
     the bottom; default '.3'.

'\floatpagefraction'
     The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by
     floats; default '.5'.

'\textfraction'
     Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too
     much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a
     different page.  The default is '.2'.

'\topfraction'
     Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before
     floats; default '.7'.

   Parameters relating to vertical space around floats:

'\floatsep'
     Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default '12pt
     plus2pt minus2pt'.

'\intextsep'
     Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text;
     default '12pt plus2pt minus2pt' for '10pt' and '11pt' styles, '14pt
     plus4pt minus4pt' for '12pt'.

'\textfloatsep'
     Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page;
     default '20pt plus2pt minus4pt'.

   Parameters relating to the number of floats on a page:

'\bottomnumber'
     Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text
     page; default 1.

'\topnumber'
     Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page;
     default 2.

'\totalnumber'
     Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3.

   The principal TeX FAQ entry relating to floats:
<http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=floats>.

9.11 'flushleft'
================

     \begin{flushleft}
     LINE1 \\
     LINE2 \\
     ...
     \end{flushleft}

   The 'flushleft' environment allows you to create a paragraph
consisting of lines that are flush to the left-hand margin and ragged
right Each line must be terminated with the string '\\'.

9.11.1 '\raggedright'
---------------------

The '\raggedright' declaration corresponds to the 'flushleft'
environment.  This declaration can be used inside an environment such as
'quote' or in a 'parbox'.

   Unlike the 'flushleft' environment, the '\raggedright' command does
not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX formats paragraph
units.  To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the
declaration must contain the blank line or '\end' command that ends the
paragraph unit.

9.12 'flushright'
=================

     \begin{flushright}
     LINE1 \\
     LINE2 \\
     ...
     \end{flushright}

   The 'flushright' environment allows you to create a paragraph
consisting of lines that are flush to the right-hand margin and ragged
left.  Each line must be terminated with the string '\\'.

9.12.1 '\raggedleft'
--------------------

The '\raggedleft' declaration corresponds to the 'flushright'
environment.  This declaration can be used inside an environment such as
'quote' or in a 'parbox'.

   Unlike the 'flushright' environment, the '\raggedleft' command does
not start a new paragraph; it only changes how LaTeX formats paragraph
units.  To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the
declaration must contain the blank line or '\end' command that ends the
paragraph unit.

9.13 'itemize'
==============

Synopsis:

     \begin{itemize}
     \item ITEM1
     \item ITEM2
     ...
     \end{itemize}

   The 'itemize' environment produces an "unordered", "bulleted" list.
Itemizations can be nested within one another, up to four levels deep.
They can also be nested within other paragraph-making environments, such
as 'enumerate' (*note enumerate::).

   Each item of an 'itemize' list begins with an '\item' command.  There
must be at least one '\item' command within the environment.

   By default, the marks at each level look like this:

  1. * (bullet)
  2. -- (bold en-dash)
  3. * (asterisk)
  4. .  (centered dot, rendered here as a period)

   The 'itemize' environment uses the commands '\labelitemi' through
'\labelitemiv' to produce the default label.  So, you can use
'\renewcommand' to change the labels.  For instance, to have the first
level use diamonds:

     \renewcommand{\labelitemi}{$\diamond$}

   The '\leftmargini' through '\leftmarginvi' parameters define the
distance between the left margin of the enclosing environment and the
left margin of the list.  By convention, '\leftmargin' is set to the
appropriate '\leftmarginN' when a new level of nesting is entered.

   The defaults vary from '.5em' (highest levels of nesting) to '2.5em'
(first level), and are a bit reduced in two-column mode.  This example
greatly reduces the margin space for outermost lists:

     \setlength{\leftmargini}{1.25em} % default 2.5em

   Some parameters that affect list formatting:

'\itemindent'
     Extra indentation before each item in a list; default zero.

'\labelsep'
     Space between the label and text of an item; default '.5em'.

'\labelwidth'
     Width of the label; default '2em', or '1.5em' in two-column mode.

'\listparindent'
     Extra indentation added to second and subsequent paragraphs within
     a list item; default '0pt'.

'\rightmargin'
     Horizontal distance between the right margin of the list and the
     enclosing environment; default '0pt', except in the 'quote',
     'quotation', and 'verse' environments, where it is set equal to
     '\leftmargin'.

   Parameters affecting vertical spacing between list items (rather
loose, by default).

'\itemsep'
     Vertical space between items.  The default is '2pt plus1pt
     minus1pt' for '10pt' documents, '3pt plus2pt minus1pt' for '11pt',
     and '4.5pt plus2pt minus1pt' for '12pt'.

'\parsep'
     Extra vertical space between paragraphs within a list item.
     Defaults are the same as '\itemsep'.

'\topsep'
     Vertical space between the first item and the preceding paragraph.
     For top-level lists, the default is '8pt plus2pt minus4pt' for
     '10pt' documents, '9pt plus3pt minus5pt' for '11pt', and '10pt
     plus4pt minus6pt' for '12pt'.  These are reduced for nested lists.

'\partopsep'
     Extra space added to '\topsep' when the list environment starts a
     paragraph.  The default is '2pt plus1pt minus1pt' for '10pt'
     documents, '3pt plus1pt minus1pt' for '11pt', and '3pt plus2pt
     minus2pt' for '12pt'.

   Especially for lists with short items, it may be desirable to elide
space between items.  Here is an example defining an 'itemize*'
environment with no extra spacing between items, or between paragraphs
within a single item ('\parskip' is not list-specific, *note
\parskip::):

     \newenvironment{itemize*}%
       {\begin{itemize}%
         \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
         \setlength{\parsep}{0pt}}%
         \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%
       {\end{itemize}}

9.14 'letter' environment: writing letters
==========================================

This environment is used for creating letters.  *Note Letters::.

9.15 'list'
===========

The 'list' environment is a generic environment which is used for
defining many of the more specific environments.  It is seldom used in
documents, but often in macros.

     \begin{list}{LABELING}{SPACING}
     \item ITEM1
     \item ITEM2
     ...
     \end{list}

   The mandatory LABELING argument specifies how items should be
labelled (unless the optional argument is supplied to '\item').  This
argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the label.
It can and usually does contain other LaTeX commands.

   The mandatory SPACING argument contains commands to change the
spacing parameters for the list.  This argument will most often be
empty, i.e., '{}', which leaves the default spacing.

   The width used for typesetting the list items is specified by
'\linewidth' (*note Page layout parameters::).

9.16 'math'
===========

Synopsis:

     \begin{math}
     MATH
     \end{math}

   The 'math' environment inserts the given MATH within the running
text.  '\(...\))' and '$...$' are synonyms.  *Note Math formulas::.

9.17 'minipage'
===============

     \begin{minipage}[POSITION][HEIGHT][INNER-POS]{WIDTH}
     TEXT
     \end{minipage}

   The 'minipage' environment typesets its body TEXT in a block that
will not be broken across pages.  This is similar to the '\parbox'
command (*note \parbox::), but unlike '\parbox', other paragraph-making
environments can be used inside a minipage.

   The arguments are the same as for '\parbox' (*note \parbox::).

   By default, paragraphs are not indented in the 'minipage'
environment.  You can restore indentation with a command such as
'\setlength{\parindent}{1pc}' command.

   Footnotes in a 'minipage' environment are handled in a way that is
particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures or tables.  A
'\footnote' or '\footnotetext' command puts the footnote at the bottom
of the minipage instead of at the bottom of the page, and it uses the
'\mpfootnote' counter instead of the ordinary 'footnote' counter (*note
Counters::).

   However, don't put one minipage inside another if you are using
footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage.

9.18 'picture'
==============

     \begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset)
     ... PICTURE COMMANDS ...
     \end{picture}

   The 'picture' environment allows you to create just about any kind of
picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles.  You tell
LaTeX where to put things in the picture by specifying their
coordinates.  A coordinate is a number that may have a decimal point and
a minus sign--a number like '5', '0.3' or '-3.1416'.  A coordinate
specifies a length in multiples of the unit length '\unitlength', so if
'\unitlength' has been set to '1cm', then the coordinate 2.54 specifies
a length of 2.54 centimeters.

   You should only change the value of '\unitlength', using the
'\setlength' command, outside of a 'picture' environment.  The default
value is '1pt'.

   A position is a pair of coordinates, such as '(2.4,-5)', specifying
the point with x-coordinate '2.4' and y-coordinate '-5'.  Coordinates
are specified in the usual way with respect to an origin, which is
normally at the lower-left corner of the picture.  Note that when a
position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces; the
parentheses serve to delimit the argument.

   The 'picture' environment has one mandatory argument, which is a
'position'.  It specifies the size of the picture.  The environment
produces a rectangular box with width and height determined by this
argument's x- and y-coordinates.

   The 'picture' environment also has an optional 'position' argument,
following the 'size' argument, that can change the origin.  (Unlike
ordinary optional arguments, this argument is not contained in square
brackets.)  The optional argument gives the coordinates of the point at
the lower-left corner of the picture (thereby determining the origin).
For example, if '\unitlength' has been set to '1mm', the command

     \begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20)

produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200 millimeters,
whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose upper-right
corner is therefore the point (110,220).  When you first draw a picture,
you typically omit the optional argument, leaving the origin at the
lower-left corner.  If you then want to modify your picture by shifting
everything, you can just add the appropriate optional argument.

   The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size of
the picture.  This need bear no relation to how large the picture really
is; LaTeX will happily allow you to put things outside the picture, or
even off the page.  The picture's nominal size is used by LaTeX in
determining how much room to leave for it.

   Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the '\put' command.
The command

     \put (11.3,-.3){...}

puts the object specified by '...' in the picture, with its reference
point at coordinates (11.3,-.3).  The reference points for various
objects will be described below.

   The '\put' command creates an "LR box".  You can put anything that
can go in an '\mbox' (*note \mbox::) in the text argument of the '\put'
command.  When you do this, the reference point will be the lower left
corner of the box.

   The 'picture' commands are described in the following sections.

9.18.1 '\circle'
----------------

     \circle[*]{DIAMETER}

   The '\circle' command produces a circle with a diameter as close to
the specified one as possible.  The '*'-form of the command draws a
solid circle.

   Circles up to 40 pt can be drawn.

9.18.2 '\makebox'
-----------------

'\makebox(width,height)[position]{...}'

   The '\makebox' command for the picture environment is similar to the
normal '\makebox' command except that you must specify a 'width' and
'height' in multiples of '\unitlength'.

   The optional argument, '[position]', specifies the quadrant that your
text appears in.  You may select up to two of the following:

't'
     Moves the item to the top of the rectangle.

'b'
     Moves the item to the bottom.

'l'
     Moves the item to the left.

'r'
     Moves the item to the right.

   *Note \makebox::.

9.18.3 '\framebox'
------------------

Synopsis:

     \framebox(WIDTH,HEIGHT)[POS]{...}

   The '\framebox' command is like '\makebox' (see previous section),
except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it
creates.

   The '\framebox' command produces a rule of thickness '\fboxrule', and
leaves a space '\fboxsep' between the rule and the contents of the box.

9.18.4 '\dashbox'
-----------------

Draws a box with a dashed line.  Synopsis:

     \dashbox{DLEN}(RWIDTH,RHEIGHT)[POS]{TEXT}

   '\dashbox' creates a dashed rectangle around TEXT in a 'picture'
environment.  Dashes are DLEN units long, and the rectangle has overall
width RWIDTH and height RHEIGHT.  The TEXT is positioned at optional
POS.

   A dashed box looks best when the 'rwidth' and 'rheight' are multiples
of the 'dlen'.

9.18.5 '\frame'
---------------

Synopsis:

     \frame{TEXT}

   The '\frame' command puts a rectangular frame around TEXT.  The
reference point is the bottom left corner of the frame.  No extra space
is put between the frame and the object.

9.18.6 '\line'
--------------

Synopsis:

     \line(XSLOPE,YSLOPE){LENGTH}

   The '\line' command draws a line with the given LENGTH and slope
XSLOPE/YSLOPE.

   Standard LaTeX can only draw lines with SLOPE = x/y, where x and y
have integer values from -6 through 6.  For lines of any slope, not to
mention other shapes, see the 'curve2e' and many many other packages on
CTAN.

9.18.7 '\linethickness'
-----------------------

The '\linethickness{DIM}' command declares the thickness of horizontal
and vertical lines in a picture environment to be DIM, which must be a
positive length.

   '\linethickness' does not affect the thickness of slanted lines,
circles, or the quarter circles drawn by '\oval'.

9.18.8 '\thicklines'
--------------------

The '\thicklines' command is an alternate line thickness for horizontal
and vertical lines in a picture environment; cf. *note \linethickness::
and *note \thinlines::.

9.18.9 '\thinlines'
-------------------

The '\thinlines' command is the default line thickness for horizontal
and vertical lines in a picture environment; cf. *note \linethickness::
and *note \thicklines::.

9.18.10 '\multiput'
-------------------

Synopsis:
     \multiput(X,Y)(DELTA_X,DELTA_Y){N}{OBJ}

   The '\multiput' command copies the object OBJ in a regular pattern
across a picture.  OBJ is first placed at position (x,y), then at
(x+\delta x,y+\delta y), and so on, N times.

9.18.11 '\oval'
---------------

Synopsis:

     \oval(WIDTH,HEIGHT)[PORTION]

   The '\oval' command produces a rectangle with rounded corners.  The
optional argument PORTION allows you to select part of the oval via the
following:

't'
     selects the top portion;
'b'
     selects the bottom portion;
'r'
     selects the right portion;
'l'
     selects the left portion.

   The "corners" of the oval are made with quarter circles with a
maximum radius of 20pt, so large "ovals" will look more like boxes with
rounded corners.

9.18.12 '\put'
--------------

'\put(x coord,y coord){ ... }'

   The '\put' command places the item specified by the mandatory
argument at the given coordinates.

9.18.13 '\shortstack'
---------------------

Synopsis:

     \shortstack[POSITION]{...\\...\\...}

   The '\shortstack' command produces a stack of objects.  The valid
positions are:

'r'
     Move the objects to the right of the stack.
'l'
     Move the objects to the left of the stack
'c'
     Move the objects to the centre of the stack (default)

   Objects are separated with '\\'.

9.18.14 '\vector'
-----------------

Synopsis:

     \vector(X-SLOPE,Y-SLOPE){LENGTH}

   The '\vector' command draws a line with an arrow of the specified
length and slope.  The x and y values must lie between -4 and +4,
inclusive.

9.19 'quotation'
================

Synopsis:

     \begin{quotation}
     TEXT
     \end{quotation}

   The margins of the 'quotation' environment are indented on both the
left and the right.  The text is justified at both margins.  Leaving a
blank line between text produces a new paragraph.

   Unlike the 'quote' environment, each paragraph is indented normally.

9.20 'quote'
============

Snyopsis:

     \begin{quote}
     TEXT
     \end{quote}

   The margins of the 'quote' environment are indented on both the left
and the right.  The text is justified at both margins.  Leaving a blank
line between text produces a new paragraph.

   Unlike the 'quotation' environment, paragraphs are not indented.

9.21 'tabbing'
==============

Synopsis:

     \begin{tabbing}
     ROW1COL1 \= ROW1COL2 \= ROW1COL3 \= ROW1COL4 \\
     ROW2COL1 \>                \> ROW2COL3 \\
     ...
     \end{tabbing}

   The 'tabbing' environment provides a way to align text in columns.
It works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them much as was done on an
ordinary typewriter.  It is best suited for cases where the width of
each column is constant and known in advance.

   This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the 'tabular'
environment.

   The following commands can be used inside a 'tabbing' enviroment:

'\\ (tabbing)'
     End a line.

'\= (tabbing)'
     Sets a tab stop at the current position.

'\> (tabbing)'
     Advances to the next tab stop.

'\<'
     Put following text to the left of the local margin (without
     changing the margin).  Can only be used at the start of the line.

'\+'
     Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands
     one tab stop to the right, beginning tabbed line if necessary.

'\-'
     Moves the left margin of the next and all the following commands
     one tab stop to the left, beginning tabbed line if necessary.

'\' (tabbing)'
     Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current column,
     i.e.  everything from the most recent '\>', '\<', '\'', '\\', or
     '\kill' command, to the right of the previous column, flush against
     the current column's tab stop.

'\` (tabbing)'
     Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, including
     tab stop 0.  However, it can't move text to the right of the last
     column because there's no tab stop there.  The '\`' command moves
     all the text that follows it, up to the '\\' or '\end{tabbing}'
     command that ends the line, to the right margin of the tabbing
     environment.  There must be no '\>' or '\'' command between the
     '\`' and the command that ends the line.

'\a (tabbing)'
     In a 'tabbing' environment, the commands '\=', '\'' and '\`' do not
     produce accents as usual (*note Accents::).  Instead, the commands
     '\a=', '\a'' and '\a`' are used.

'\kill'
     Sets tab stops without producing text.  Works just like '\\' except
     that it throws away the current line instead of producing output
     for it.  The effect of any '\=', '\+' or '\-' commands in that line
     remain in effect.

'\poptabs'
     Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last '\pushtabs'.

'\pushtabs'
     Saves all current tab stop positions.  Useful for temporarily
     changing tab stop positions in the middle of a 'tabbing'
     environment.

'\tabbingsep'
     Distance to left of tab stop moved by '\''.

   This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format:

     \begin{tabbing}
     function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
              \> begin \= \+ \\
                    \> if \= n $>$ 1 then \+ \\
                             fact := n * fact(n-1) \- \\
                       else \+ \\
                             fact := 1; \-\- \\
                 end;\\
     \end{tabbing}

9.22 'table'
============

Synopsis:

      \begin{table}[placement]

       body of the table

      \caption{table title}
      \end{table}

   Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are
usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page.  Tables
will not be split between two pages.

   The optional argument '[placement]' determines where LaTeX will try
to place your table.  There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put
a float; these are the same as that used with the 'figure' environment,
and described there (*note figure::).

   The standard 'report' and 'article' classes use the default placement
'[tbp]'.

   The body of the table is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands,
etc., you wish.  The '\caption' command allows you to title your table.

9.23 'tabular'
==============

Synopsis:

     \begin{tabular}[pos]{cols}
     column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
     ...
     \end{tabular}

or

     \begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols}
     column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
     ...
     \end{tabular*}

   These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows of
items, aligned vertically in columns.

   '\\' must be used to specify the end of each row of the table, except
for the last, where it is optional--unless an '\hline' command (to put a
rule below the table) follows.

   The mandatory and optional arguments consist of:

'width'
     Specifies the width of the 'tabular*' environment.  There must be
     rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill out the
     specified width.

'pos'
     Specifies the vertical position; default is alignment on the centre
     of the environment.

     't'
          align on top row

     'b'
          align on bottom row

'cols'
     Specifies the column formatting.  It consists of a sequence of the
     following specifiers, corresponding to the sequence of columns and
     intercolumn material.

     'l'
          A column of left-aligned items.

     'r'
          A column of right-aligned items.

     'c'
          A column of centered items.

     '|'
          A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment.

     '@{TEXT}'
          This inserts TEXT in every row.  An @-expression suppresses
          the intercolumn space normally inserted between columns; any
          desired space before the adjacent item must be included in
          TEXT.

          To insert commands that are automatically executed before a
          given column, you have to load the 'array' package and use the
          '>{...}' specifier.

          An '\extracolsep{wd}' command in an @-expression causes an
          extra space of width 'wd' to appear to the left of all
          subsequent columns, until countermanded by another
          '\extracolsep' command.  Unlike ordinary intercolumn space,
          this extra space is not suppressed by an @-expression.  An
          '\extracolsep' command can be used only in an @-expression in
          the 'cols' argument.

     'p{WD}'
          Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox of width
          WD, as if it were the argument of a '\parbox[t]{WD}' command.
          However, a '\\' may not appear in the item, except in the
          following situations:

            1. inside an environment like 'minipage', 'array', or
               'tabular'.
            2. inside an explicit '\parbox'.
            3. in the scope of a '\centering', '\raggedright', or
               '\raggedleft' declaration.  The latter declarations must
               appear inside braces or an environment when used in a
               'p'-column element.

     '*{NUM}{COLS}'
          Equivalent to NUM copies of COLS, where NUM is a positive
          integer and COLS is any list of column-specifiers, which may
          contain another '*-expression'.

   Parameters that control formatting:

'\arrayrulewidth'
     Thickness of the rule created by '|', '\hline', and '\vline' in the
     'tabular' and 'array' environments; the default is '.4pt'.

'\arraystretch'
     Scaling of spacing between rows in the 'tabular' and 'array'
     environments; default is '1', for no scaling.

'\doublerulesep'
     Horizontal distance between the vertical rules produced by '||' in
     the 'tabular' and 'array' environments; default is '2pt'.

'\tabcolsep'
     Half the width of the space between columns; default is '6pt'.

   The following commands can be used inside a 'tabular' environment:

9.23.1 '\multicolumn'
---------------------

Synopsis:
     \multicolumn{COLS}{POS}{TEXT}

   The '\multicolumn' command makes an entry that spans several columns.
The first mandatory argument, COLS, specifies the number of columns to
span.  The second mandatory argument, POS, specifies the formatting of
the entry; 'c' for centered, 'l' for flushleft, 'r' for flushright.  The
third mandatory argument, TEXT, specifies what text to put in the entry.

   Here's an example showing two columns separated by an en-dash;
'\multicolumn' is used for the heading:

     \begin{tabular}{r@{--}l}
     \multicolumn{2}{c}{\bf Unicode}\cr
        0x80&0x7FF   \cr
       0x800&0xFFFF  \cr
     0x10000&0x1FFFF \cr
     \end{tabular}

9.23.2 '\cline'
---------------

Synopsis:

     \cline{I-J}

   The '\cline' command draws horizontal lines across the columns
specified, beginning in column I and ending in column J, which are
specified in the mandatory argument.

9.23.3 '\hline'
---------------

The '\hline' command draws a horizontal line the width of the enclosing
'tabular' or 'array' environment.  It's most commonly used to draw a
line at the top, bottom, and between the rows of a table.

9.23.4 '\vline'
---------------

The '\vline' command will draw a vertical line extending the full height
and depth of its row.  An '\hfill' command can be used to move the line
to the edge of the column.  It can also be used in an @-expression.

9.24 'thebibliography'
======================

Synopsis:

     \begin{thebibliography}{WIDEST-LABEL}
     \bibitem[LABEL]{CITE_KEY}
     ...
     \end{thebibliography}

   The 'thebibliography' environment produces a bibliography or
reference list.

   In the 'article' class, this reference list is labelled "References";
in the 'report' class, it is labelled "Bibliography".  You can change
the label (in the standard classes) by redefining the command
'\refname'.  For instance, this eliminates it entirely:

     \renewcommand{\refname}{}

   The mandatory WIDEST-LABEL argument is text that, when typeset, is as
wide as the widest item label produced by the '\bibitem' commands.  It
is typically given as '9' for bibliographies with less than 10
references, '99' for ones with less than 100, etc.

9.24.1 '\bibitem'
-----------------

Synopsis:
     \bibitem[LABEL]{CITE_KEY}

   The '\bibitem' command generates an entry labelled by LABEL.  If the
LABEL argument is missing, a number is automatically generated using the
'enumi' counter.  The CITE_KEY is any sequence of letters, numbers, and
punctuation symbols not containing a comma.

   This command writes an entry to the '.aux' file containing the item's
CITE_KEY and label.  When the '.aux' file is read by the
'\begin{document}' command, the item's 'label' is associated with
'cite_key', causing references to CITE_KEY with a '\cite' command (see
next section) to produce the associated label.

9.24.2 '\cite'
--------------

Synopsis:

     \cite[SUBCITE]{KEYS

   The KEYS argument is a list of one or more citation keys, separated
by commas.  This command generates an in-text citation to the references
associated with KEYS by entries in the '.aux' file.

   The text of the optional SUBCITE argument appears after the citation.
For example, '\cite[p.~314]{knuth}' might produce '[Knuth, p. 314]'.

9.24.3 '\nocite'
----------------

'\nocite{key_list}'

   The '\nocite' command produces no text, but writes 'key_list', which
is a list of one or more citation keys, on the '.aux' file.

9.24.4 Using BibTeX
-------------------

If you use the BibTeX program by Oren Patashnik (highly recommended if
you need a bibliography of more than a couple of titles) to maintain
your bibliography, you don't use the 'thebibliography' environment
(*note thebibliography::).  Instead, you include the lines

     \bibliographystyle{BIBSTYLE}
     \bibliography{BIBFILE1,BIBFILE2}

   The '\bibliographystyle' command does not produce any output of its
own.  Rather, it defines the style in which the bibliography will be
produced: BIBSTYLE refers to a file BIBSTYLE'.bst', which defines how
your citations will look.  The standard STYLE names distributed with
BibTeX are:

'alpha'
     Sorted alphabetically.  Labels are formed from name of author and
     year of publication.
'plain'
     Sorted alphabetically.  Labels are numeric.
'unsrt'
     Like 'plain', but entries are in order of citation.
'abbrv'
     Like 'plain', but more compact labels.

   In addition, numerous other BibTeX style files exist tailored to the
demands of various publications.  See
<http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib>.

   The '\bibliography' command is what actually produces the
bibliography.  The argument to '\bibliography' refers to files named
'BIBFILE.bib', which should contain your database in BibTeX format.
Only the entries referred to via '\cite' and '\nocite' will be listed in
the bibliography.

9.25 'theorem'
==============

Synopsis:

     \begin{theorem}
     THEOREM-TEXT
     \end{theorem}

   The 'theorem' environment produces "Theorem N" in boldface followed
by THEOREM-TEXT, where the numbering possibilities for N are described
under '\newtheorem' (*note \newtheorem::).

9.26 'titlepage'
================

Synopsis:

     \begin{titlepage}
     TEXT
     \end{titlepage}

   The 'titlepage' environment creates a title page, i.e., a page with
no printed page number or heading.  It also causes the following page to
be numbered page one.  Formatting the title page is left to you.  The
'\today' command may be useful on title pages (*note \today::).

   You can use the '\maketitle' command (*note \maketitle::) to produce
a standard title page without a 'titlepage' environment.

9.27 'verbatim'
===============

Synopsis:

     \begin{verbatim}
     LITERAL-TEXT
     \end{verbatim}

   The 'verbatim' environment is a paragraph-making environment in which
LaTeX produces exactly what you type in; for instance the '\' character
produces a printed '\'.  It turns LaTeX into a typewriter with carriage
returns and blanks having the same effect that they would on a
typewriter.

   The 'verbatim' uses a monospaced typewriter-like font ('\tt').

9.27.1 '\verb'
--------------

Synopsis:

     \verbCHARLITERAL-TEXTCHAR
     \verb*CHARLITERAL-TEXTCHAR

   The '\verb' command typesets LITERAL-TEXT as it is input, including
special characters and spaces, using the typewriter ('\tt') font.  No
spaces are allowed between '\verb' or '\verb*' and the delimiter CHAR,
which begins and ends the verbatim text.  The delimiter must not appear
in LITERAL-TEXT.

   The '*'-form differs only in that spaces are printed with a "visible
space" character.

9.28 'verse'
============

Synopsis:

     \begin{verse}
     LINE1 \\
     LINE2 \\
     ...
     \end{verse}

   The 'verse' environment is designed for poetry, though you may find
other uses for it.

   The margins are indented on the left and the right, paragraphs are
not indented, and the text is not justified.  Separate the lines of each
stanza with '\\', and use one or more blank lines to separate the
stanzas.

10 Line breaking
****************

The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to translate
your input file into a sequence of glyphs and spaces.  To produce a
printed document, this sequence must be broken into lines (and these
lines must be broken into pages).

   LaTeX usually does the line (and page) breaking for you, but in some
environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the '\\' command,
and you can always manually force breaks.

10.1 '\\'[*][MORESPACE]
=======================

The '\\' command tells LaTeX to start a new line.  It has an optional
argument, MORESPACE, that specifies how much extra vertical space is to
be inserted before the next line.  This can be a negative amount.

   The '\\*' command is the same as the ordinary '\\' command except
that it tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line.

10.2 '\obeycr' & '\restorecr'
=============================

The '\obeycr' command makes a return in the input file ('^^M',
internally) the same as '\\' (followed by '\relax').  So each new line
in the input will also be a new line in the output.

   '\restorecr' restores normal line-breaking behavior.

10.3 '\newline'
===============

The '\newline' command breaks the line at the present point, with no
stretching of the text before it.  It can only be used in paragraph
mode.

10.4 '\-' (discretionary hyphen)
================================

The '\-' command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at that
point.  LaTeX is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually find most
of the correct hyphenation points, and almost never use an incorrect
one.  The '\-' command is used for the exceptional cases.

   When you insert '\-' commands in a word, the word will only be
hyphenated at those points and not at any of the hyphenation points that
LaTeX might otherwise have chosen.

10.5 '\fussy'
=============

The declaration '\fussy' (which is the default) makes TeX picky about
line breaking.  This usually avoids too much space between words, at the
cost of an occasional overfull box.

   This command cancels the effect of a previous '\sloppy' command
(*note \sloppy::.

10.6 '\sloppy'
==============

The declaration '\sloppy' makes TeX less fussy about line breaking.
This will avoid overfull boxes, at the cost of loose interword spacing.

   Lasts until a '\fussy' command is issued (*note \fussy::).

10.7 '\hyphenation'
===================

Synopsis:

     \hyphenation{WORD-ONE WORD-TWO}

   The '\hyphenation' command declares allowed hyphenation points with a
'-' character in the given words.  The words are separated by spaces.
TeX will only hyphenate if the word matches exactly, no inflections are
tried.  Multiple '\hyphenation' commands accumulate.  Some examples (the
default TeX hyphenation patterns misses the hyphenations in these
words):

     \hyphenation{ap-pen-dix col-umns data-base data-bases}

10.8 '\linebreak' & '\nolinebreak'
==================================

Synopses:

     \linebreak[PRIORITY]
     \nolinebreak[PRIORITY]

   By default, the '\linebreak' ('\nolinebreak') command forces
(prevents) a line break at the current position.  For '\linebreak', the
spaces in the line are stretched out so that it extends to the right
margin as usual.

   With the optional argument PRIORITY, you can convert the command from
a demand to a request.  The PRIORITY must be a number from 0 to 4.  The
higher the number, the more insistent the request.

11 Page breaking
****************

LaTeX starts new pages asynchronously, when enough material has
accumulated to fill up a page.  Usually this happens automatically, but
sometimes you may want to influence the breaks.

11.1 '\cleardoublepage'
=======================

The '\cleardoublepage' command ends the current page and causes all
figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.
In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand
(odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary.

11.2 '\clearpage'
=================

The '\clearpage' command ends the current page and causes all figures
and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.

11.3 '\newpage'
===============

The '\newpage' command ends the current page, but does not clear floats
(see '\clearpage' above).

11.4 '\enlargethispage'
=======================

'\enlargethispage{size}'

   '\enlargethispage*{size}'

   Enlarge the '\textheight' for the current page by the specified
amount; e.g.  '\enlargethispage{\baselineskip}' will allow one
additional line.

   The starred form tries to squeeze the material together on the page
as much as possible.  This is normally used together with an explicit
'\pagebreak'.

11.5 '\pagebreak' & '\nopagebreak'
==================================

Synopses:

     \pagebreak[PRIORITY]
     \nopagebreak[PRIORITY]

   By default, the '\pagebreak' ('\nopagebreak') command forces
(prevents) a page break at the current position.  With '\pagebreak', the
vertical space on the page is stretched out where possible so that it
extends to the normal bottom margin.

   With the optional argument PRIORITY, you can convert the '\pagebreak'
command from a demand to a request.  The number must be a number from 0
to 4.  The higher the number, the more insistent the request is.

12 Footnotes
************

Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways.  They can be produced with
one command, the '\footnote' command.  They can also be produced with
two commands, the '\footnotemark' and the '\footnotetext' commands.

12.1 '\footnote'
================

Synopsis:

     \footnote[NUMBER]{TEXT}

   The '\footnote' command places the numbered footnote TEXT at the
bottom of the current page.  The optional argument NUMBER changes the
default footnote number.

   This command can only be used in outer paragraph mode; i.e., you
cannot use it in sectioning commands like '\chapter', in figures, tables
or in a 'tabular' environment.  (See following sections.)

12.2 '\footnotemark'
====================

With no optional argument, the '\footnotemark' command puts the current
footnote number in the text.  This command can be used in inner
paragraph mode.  You give the text of the footnote separately, with the
'\footnotetext' command.

   This command can be used to produce several consecutive footnote
markers referring to the same footnote with

     \footnotemark[\value{footnote}]

after the first '\footnote' command.

12.3 '\footnotetext'
====================

Synopsis:

     \footnotetext[NUMBER]{TEXT}

   The '\footnotetext' command places TEXT at the bottom of the page as
a footnote.  This command can come anywhere after the '\footnotemark'
command.  The '\footnotetext' command must appear in outer paragraph
mode.

   The optional argument NUMBER changes the default footnote number.

12.4 Symbolic footnotes
=======================

If you want to use symbols for footnotes, rather than increasing
numbers, redefine '\thefootnote' like this:

     \renewcommand{\thefootnote}{\fnsymbol{footnote}}

   The '\fnsymbol' command produces a predefined series of symbols
(*note \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol::).  If you want to
use a different symbol as your footnote mark, you'll need to also
redefine '\@fnsymbol'.

12.5 Footnote parameters
========================

'\footnoterule'
     Produces the rule separating the main text on a page from the
     page's footnotes.  Default dimensions: '0.4pt' thick (or wide), and
     '0.4\columnwidth' long in the standard document classes (except
     slides, where it does not appear).

'\footnotesep'
     The height of the strut placed at the beginning of the footnote.
     By default, this is set to the normal strut for '\footnotesize'
     fonts (*note Font sizes::), therefore there is no extra space
     between footnotes.  This is '6.65pt' for '10pt', '7.7pt' for
     '11pt', and '8.4pt' for '12pt'.

13 Definitions
**************

LaTeX has support for making new commands of many different kinds.

13.1 '\newcommand' & '\renewcommand'
====================================

'\newcommand' and '\renewcommand' define and redefine a command,
respectively.  Synopses:

       \newcommand[*]{CMD}[NARGS][OPTARG]{DEFN}
     \renewcommand[*]{CMD}[NARGS][OPTARG]{DEFN}

'*'
     The *-form of these commands requires that the arguments not
     contain multiple paragraphs of text (not '\long', in plain TeX
     terms).

CMD
     The command name beginning with '\'.  For '\newcommand', it must
     not be already defined and must not begin with '\end'; for
     '\renewcommand', it must already be defined.

NARGS
     An optional integer from 1 to 9 specifying the number of arguments
     that the command will take.  The default is for the command to have
     no arguments.

OPTARG
     If this optional parameter is present, it means that the command's
     first argument is optional.  The default value of the optional
     argument (i.e., if it is not specified in the call) is OPTARG, or,
     if that argument is present in the '\newcommand' but has an empty
     value, the string 'def'.

DEFN
     The text to be substituted for every occurrence of 'cmd'; a
     construct of the form '#N' in DEFN is replaced by the text of the
     Nth argument.

13.2 '\newcounter'
==================

Synopsis:

     \newcounter{CNT}[COUNTERNAME]

   The '\newcounter' command defines a new counter named CNT.  The new
counter is initialized to zero.

   Given the optional argument '[COUNTERNAME]', CNT will be reset
whenever COUNTERNAME is incremented.

   *Note Counters::, for more information about counters.

13.3 '\newlength'
=================

Synopsis:

     \newlength{\ARG}

   The '\newlength' command defines the mandatory argument as a 'length'
command with a value of '0in'.  The argument must be a control sequence,
as in '\newlength{\foo}'.  An error occurs if '\foo' is already defined.

   *Note Lengths::, for how to set the new length to a nonzero value,
and for more information about lengths in general.

13.4 '\newsavebox'
==================

Synopsis:

     \newsavebox{CMD}

   Defines '\CMD', which must be a command name not already defined, to
refer to a new bin for storing boxes.

13.5 '\newenvironment' & '\renewenvironment'
============================================

Synopses:

       \newenvironment[*]{ENV}[NARGS][DEFAULT]{BEGDEF}{ENDDEF}
     \renewenvironment[*]{ENV}[NARGS]{BEGDEF}{ENDDEF}

   These commands define or redefine an environment ENV, that is,
'\begin{ENV} ... \end{ENV}'.

'*'
     The *-form of these commands requires that the arguments (not the
     contents of the environment) not contain multiple paragraphs of
     text.

ENV
     The name of the environment.  For '\newenvironment', ENV must not
     be an existing environment, and the command '\ENV' must be
     undefined.  For '\renewenvironment', ENV must be the name of an
     existing environment.

NARGS
     An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of the
     newly-defined environment.  The default is no arguments.

DEFAULT
     If this is specified, the first argument is optional, and DEFAULT
     gives the default value for that argument.

BEGDEF
     The text expanded at every occurrence of '\begin{ENV}'; a construct
     of the form '#N' in BEGDEF is replaced by the text of the Nth
     argument.

ENDDEF
     The text expanded at every occurrence of '\end{ENV}'.  It may not
     contain any argument parameters.

13.6 '\newtheorem'
==================

     \newtheorem{NEWENV}{LABEL}[WITHIN]
     \newtheorem{NEWENV}[NUMBERED_LIKE]{LABEL}

   This command defines a theorem-like environment.  Arguments:

NEWENV
     The name of the environment to be defined; must not be the name of
     an existing environment or otherwise defined.

LABEL
     The text printed at the beginning of the environment, before the
     number.  For example, 'Theorem'.

NUMBERED_LIKE
     (Optional.)  The name of an already defined theorem-like
     environment; the new environment will be numbered just like
     NUMBERED_LIKE.

WITHIN
     (Optional.)  The name of an already defined counter, a sectional
     unit.  The new theorem counter will be reset at the same time as
     the WITHIN counter.

   At most one of NUMBERED_LIKE and WITHIN can be specified, not both.

13.7 '\newfont'
===============

Synopsis:

     \newfont{CMD}{FONTNAME}

   Defines a control sequence '\CMD', which must not already be defined,
to make FONTNAME be the current font.  The file looked for on the system
is named 'FONTNAME.tfm'.

   This is a low-level command for setting up to use an individual font.
More commonly, fonts are defined in families through '.fd' files.

13.8 '\protect'
===============

Footnotes, line breaks, any command that has an optional argument, and
many more are so-called "fragile" commands.  When a fragile command is
used in certain contexts, called "moving arguments", it must be preceded
by '\protect'.  In addition, any fragile commands within the arguments
must have their own '\protect'.

   Some examples of moving arguments are '\caption' (*note figure::),
'\thanks' (*note \maketitle::), and expressions in 'tabular' and 'array'
environments (*note tabular::).

   Commands which are not fragile are called "robust".  They must not be
preceded by '\protect'.

   See also:

<http://www-h.eng.cam.ac.uk/help/tpl/textprocessing/teTeX/latex/latex2e-html/fragile.html>
<http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=protect>

14 Counters
***********

Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with it.  The
name of the counter is the same as the name of the environment or
command that produces the number, except with no '\'.  ('enumi'-'enumiv'
are used for the nested enumerate environment.)  Below is a list of the
counters used in LaTeX's standard document classes to control numbering.

     part            paragraph       figure          enumi
     chapter         subparagraph    table           enumii
     section         page            footnote        enumiii
     subsection      equation        mpfootnote      enumiv
     subsubsection

14.1 '\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol': Printing counters
=====================================================================

All of these commands take a single counter as an argument, for
instance, '\alph{enumi}'.

'\alph'
     prints COUNTER using lowercase letters: 'a', 'b', ...

'\Alph'
     uses uppercase letters: 'A', 'B', ...

'\arabic'
     uses Arabic numbers: '1', '2', ...

'\roman'
     uses lowercase roman numerals: 'i', 'ii', ...

'\roman'
     uses uppercase roman numerals: 'I', 'II', ...

'\fnsymbol'
     prints the value of COUNTER in a specific sequence of nine symbols
     (conventionally used for labeling footnotes).  The value of COUNTER
     must be between 1 and 9, inclusive.

     The symbols mostly aren't supported in Info, but here are the
     names:
          asterix(*) dagger ddagger section-sign paragraph-sign parallel
          double-asterix(**) double-dagger double-ddagger

14.2 '\usecounter{COUNTER}'
===========================

Synopsis:

     \usecounter{COUNTER}

   The '\usecounter' command is used in the second argument of the
'list' environment to specify COUNTER to be used to number the list
items.

14.3 '\value{COUNTER}'
======================

Synopsis:

     \value{COUNTER}

   The '\value' command produces the value of COUNTER.  It can be used
anywhere LaTeX expects a number, for example:

     \setcounter{myctr}{3}
     \addtocounter{myctr}{1}
     \hspace{\value{myctr}\parindent}

14.4 '\setcounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}'
==================================

Synopsis:

     \setcounter{\COUNTER}{VALUE}

   The '\setcounter' command sets the value of \COUNTER to the VALUE
argument.

14.5 '\addtocounter{COUNTER}{VALUE}'
====================================

The '\addtocounter' command increments COUNTER by the amount specified
by the VALUE argument, which may be negative.

14.6 '\refstepcounter{COUNTER}'
===============================

The '\refstepcounter' command works in the same way as '\stepcounter'
*Note \stepcounter::, except it also defines the current '\ref' value to
be the result of '\thecounter'.

14.7 '\stepcounter{COUNTER}'
============================

The '\stepcounter' command adds one to COUNTER and resets all subsidiary
counters.

14.8 '\day \month \year': Predefined counters
=============================================

LaTeX defines counters for the day of the month ('\day', 1-31), month of
the year ('\month', 1-12), and year ('\year', Common Era).  When TeX
starts up, they are set to the current values on the system where TeX is
running.  They are not updated as the job progresses.

   The related command '\today' produces a string representing the
current day (*note \today::).

15 Lengths
**********

A 'length' is a measure of distance.  Many LaTeX commands take a length
as an argument.

15.1 '\setlength{\LEN}{VALUE}'
==============================

The '\setlength' sets the value of \LEN to the VALUE argument, which can
be expressed in any units that LaTeX understands, i.e., inches ('in'),
millimeters ('mm'), points ('pt'), big points ('bp', etc.

15.2 \addtolength{\LEN}{AMOUNT}
===============================

The '\addtolength' command increments a "length command" \LEN by the
amount specified in the AMOUNT argument, which may be negative.

15.3 '\settodepth'
==================

'\settodepth{\gnat}{text}'

   The '\settodepth' command sets the value of a 'length' command equal
to the depth of the 'text' argument.

15.4 '\settoheight'
===================

'\settoheight{\gnat}{text}'

   The '\settoheight' command sets the value of a 'length' command equal
to the height of the 'text' argument.

15.5 '\settowidth{\LEN}{TEXT}'
==============================

The '\settowidth' command sets the value of the command \LEN to the
width of the TEXT argument.

15.6 Predefined lengths
=======================

'\width'

   '\height'

   '\depth'

   '\totalheight'

   These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the
box-making commands (*note Boxes::).  They specify the natural width,
etc., of the text in the box.  '\totalheight' equals '\height' +
'\depth'.  To make a box with the text stretched to double the natural
size, e.g., say

   '\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}'

16 Making paragraphs
********************

A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines--lines not
containing even a '%'.  A blank line should not appear where a new
paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of
a sectioning command.

16.1 '\indent'
==============

'\indent' produces a horizontal space whose width equals the width of
the '\parindent' length, the normal paragraph indentation.  It is used
to add paragraph indentation where it would otherwise be suppressed.

   The default value for '\parindent' is '1em' in two-column mode,
otherwise '15pt' for '10pt' documents, '17pt' for '11pt', and '1.5em'
for '12pt'.

16.2 '\noindent'
================

When used at the beginning of the paragraph, '\noindent' suppresses any
paragraph indentation.  It has no effect when used in the middle of a
paragraph.

16.3 '\parskip'
===============

'\parskip' is a rubber length defining extra vertical space added before
each paragraph.  The default is '0pt plus1pt'.

16.4 Marginal notes
===================

Synopsis:

     \marginpar[LEFT]{RIGHT}

   The '\marginpar' command creates a note in the margin.  The first
line of the note will have the same baseline as the line in the text
where the '\marginpar' occurs.

   When you only specify the mandatory argument RIGHT, the text will be
placed

   * in the right margin for one-sided layout;
   * in the outside margin for two-sided layout;
   * in the nearest margin for two-column layout.

   The command '\reversemarginpar' places subsequent marginal notes in
the opposite (inside) margin.  '\normalmarginpar' places them in the
default position.

   When you specify both arguments, LEFT is used for the left margin,
and RIGHT is used for the right margin.

   The first word will normally not be hyphenated; you can enable
hyphenation there by beginning the node with '\hspace{0pt}'.

   These parameters affect the formatting of the note:

'\marginparpush'
     Minimum vertical space between notes; default '7pt' for '12pt'
     documents, '5pt' else.

'\marginparsep'
     Horizontal space between the main text and the note; default '11pt'
     for '10pt' documents, '10pt' else.

'\marginparwidth'
     Width of the note itself; default for a one-sided '10pt' document
     is '90pt', '83pt' for '11pt', and '68pt' for '12pt'; '17pt' more in
     each case for a two-sided document.  In two column mode, the
     default is '48pt'.

   The standard LaTeX routine for marginal notes does not prevent notes
from falling off the bottom of the page.

17 Math formulas
****************

There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode:

'math'
     For formulas that appear right in the text.
'displaymath'
     For formulas that appear on their own line.
'equation'
     The same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an
     equation number in the right margin.

   The 'math' environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode, but
the 'displaymath' and 'equation' environments can be used only in
paragraph mode.  The 'math' and 'displaymath' environments are used so
often that they have the following short forms:

     \(...\)   instead of   \begin{math}...\end{math}
     \[...\]   instead of   \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath}

   In fact, the 'math' environment is so common that it has an even
shorter form:

     $ ... $   instead of   \(...\)

   The '\boldmath' command changes math letters and symbols to be in a
bold font.  It is used _outside_ of math mode.  Conversely, the
'\unboldmath' command changes math glyphs to be in a normal font; it too
is used _outside_ of math mode.

   The '\displaystyle' declaration forces the size and style of the
formula to be that of 'displaymath', e.g., with limits above and below
summations.  For example
     $\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty x_n $

17.1 Subscripts & superscripts
==============================

To get an expression exp to appear as a subscript, you just type
'_{'exp'}'.  To get exp to appear as a superscript, you type '^{'exp'}'.
LaTeX handles superscripted superscripts and all of that stuff in the
natural way.  It even does the right thing when something has both a
subscript and a superscript.

17.2 Math symbols
=================

LaTeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to need.
The commands for generating them can be used only in math mode.  For
example, if you include '$\pi$' in your source, you will get the pi
symbol (\pi) in your output.

'\|'
     \|

'\aleph'
     \aleph

'\alpha'
     \alpha

'\amalg'
     \amalg (binary operation)

'\angle'
     \angle

'\approx'
     \approx (relation)

'\ast'
     \ast (binary operation)

'\asymp'
     \asymp (relation)

'\backslash'
     \ (delimiter)

'\beta'
     \beta

'\bigcap'
     \bigcap

'\bigcirc'
     \bigcirc (binary operation)

'\bigcup'
     \bigcup

'\bigodot'
     \bigodot

'\bigoplus'
     \bigoplus

'\bigotimes'
     \bigotimes

'\bigtriangledown'
     \bigtriangledown (binary operation)

'\bigtriangleup'
     \bigtriangleup (binary operation)

'\bigsqcup'
     \bigsqcup

'\biguplus'
     \biguplus

'\bigcap'
     \bigvee

'\bigwedge'
     \bigwedge

'\bot'
     \bot

'\bowtie'
     \bowtie (relation)

'\Box'
     (square open box symbol)

'\bullet'
     \bullet (binary operation)

'\cap'
     \cap (binary operation)

'\cdot'
     \cdot (binary operation)

'\chi'
     \chi

'\circ'
     \circ (binary operation)

'\clubsuit'
     \clubsuit

'\cong'
     \cong (relation)

'\coprod'
     \coprod

'\cup'
     \cup (binary operation)

'\dagger'
     \dagger (binary operation)

'\dashv'
     \dashv (relation)

'\ddagger'
     \dagger (binary operation)

'\Delta'
     \Delta

'\delta'
     \delta

'\Diamond'
     bigger \diamond

'\diamond'
     \diamond (binary operation)

'\diamondsuit'
     \diamondsuit

'\div'
     \div (binary operation)

'\doteq'
     \doteq (relation)

'\downarrow'
     \downarrow (delimiter)

'\Downarrow'
     \Downarrow (delimiter)

'\ell'
     \ell

'\emptyset'
     \emptyset

'\epsilon'
     \epsilon

'\equiv'
     \equiv (relation)

'\eta'
     \eta

'\exists'
     \exists

'\flat'
     \flat

'\forall'
     \forall

'\frown'
     \frown (relation)

'\Gamma'
     \Gamma

'\gamma'
     \gamma

'\ge'
     \ge

'\geq'
     \geq (relation)

'\gets'
     \gets

'\gg'
     \gg (relation)

'\hbar'
     \hbar

'\heartsuit'
     \heartsuit

'\hookleftarrow'
     \hookleftarrow

'\hookrightarrow'
     \hookrightarrow

'\iff'
     \iff

'\Im'
     \Im

'\in'
     \in (relation)

'\infty'
     \infty

'\int'
     \int

'\iota'
     \iota

'\Join'
     condensed bowtie symbol (relation)

'\kappa'
     \kappa

'\Lambda'
     \Lambda

'\lambda'
     \lambda

'\land'
     \land

'\langle'
     \langle (delimiter)

'\lbrace'
     \lbrace (delimiter)

'\lbrack'
     \lbrack (delimiter)

'\lceil'
     \lceil (delimiter)

'\le'
     \le

'\leadsto'

'\Leftarrow'
     \Leftarrow

'\leftarrow'
     \leftarrow

'\leftharpoondown'
     \leftharpoondown

'\leftharpoonup'
     \leftharpoonup

'\Leftrightarrow'
     \Leftrightarrow

'\leftrightarrow'
     \leftrightarrow

'\leq'
     \leq (relation)

'\lfloor'
     \lfloor (delimiter)

'\lhd'
     (left-pointing arrow head)

'\ll'
     \ll (relation)

'\lnot'
     \lnot

'\longleftarrow'
     \longleftarrow

'\longleftrightarrow'
     \longleftrightarrow

'\longmapsto'
     \longmapsto

'\longrightarrow'
     \longrightarrow

'\lor'
     \lor

'\mapsto'
     \mapsto

'\mho'

'\mid'
     \mid (relation)

'\models'
     \models (relation)

'\mp'
     \mp (binary operation)

'\mu'
     \mu

'\nabla'
     \nabla

'\natural'
     \natural

'\ne'
     \ne

'\nearrow'
     \nearrow

'\neg'
     \neg

'\neq'
     \neq (relation)

'\ni'
     \ni (relation)

'\not'
     Overstrike a following operator with a /, as in \not=.

'\notin'
     \ni

'\nu'
     \nu

'\nwarrow'
     \nwarrow

'\odot'
     \odot (binary operation)

'\oint'
     \oint

'\Omega'
     \Omega

'\omega'
     \omega

'\ominus'
     \ominus (binary operation)

'\oplus'
     \oplus (binary operation)

'\oslash'
     \oslash (binary operation)

'\otimes'
     \otimes (binary operation)

'\owns'
     \owns

'\parallel'
     \parallel (relation)

'\partial'
     \partial

'\perp'
     \perp (relation)

'\phi'
     \phi

'\Pi'
     \Pi

'\pi'
     \pi

'\pm'
     \pm (binary operation)

'\prec'
     \prec (relation)

'\preceq'
     \preceq (relation)

'\prime'
     \prime

'\prod'
     \prod

'\propto'
     \propto (relation)

'\Psi'
     \Psi

'\psi'
     \psi

'\rangle'
     \rangle (delimiter)

'\rbrace'
     \rbrace (delimiter)

'\rbrack'
     \rbrack (delimiter)

'\rceil'
     \rceil (delimiter)

'\Re'
     \Re

'\rfloor'
     \rfloor

'\rhd'
     (binary operation)

'\rho'
     \rho

'\Rightarrow'
     \Rightarrow

'\rightarrow'
     \rightarrow

'\rightharpoondown'
     \rightharpoondown

'\rightharpoonup'
     \rightharpoonup

'\rightleftharpoons'
     \rightleftharpoons

'\searrow'
     \searrow

'\setminus'
     \setminus (binary operation)

'\sharp'
     \sharp

'\Sigma'
     \Sigma

'\sigma'
     \sigma

'\sim'
     \sim (relation)

'\simeq'
     \simeq (relation)

'\smallint'
     \smallint

'\smile'
     \smile (relation)

'\spadesuit'
     \spadesuit

'\sqcap'
     \sqcap (binary operation)

'\sqcup'
     \sqcup (binary operation)

'\sqsubset'
     (relation)

'\sqsubseteq'
     \sqsubseteq (relation)

'\sqsupset'
     (relation)

'\sqsupseteq'
     \sqsupseteq (relation)

'\star'
     \star (binary operation)

'\subset'
     \subset (relation)

'\subseteq'
     \subseteq (relation)

'\succ'
     \succ (relation)

'\succeq'
     \succeq (relation)

'\sum'
     \sum

'\supset'
     \supset (relation)

'\supseteq'
     \supseteq (relation)

'\surd'
     \surd

'\swarrow'
     \swarrow

'\tau'
     \tau

'\theta'
     \theta

'\times'
     \times (binary operation)

'\to'
     \to

'\top'
     \top

'\triangle'
     \triangle

'\triangleleft'
     \triangleleft (binary operation)

'\triangleright'
     \triangleright (binary operation)

'\unlhd'
     left-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation)

'\unrhd'
     right-pointing arrowhead with line under (binary operation)

'\Uparrow'
     \Uparrow (delimiter)

'\uparrow'
     \uparrow (delimiter)

'\Updownarrow'
     \Updownarrow (delimiter)

'\updownarrow'
     \updownarrow (delimiter)

'\uplus'
     \uplus (binary operation)

'\Upsilon'
     \Upsilon

'\upsilon'
     \upsilon

'\varepsilon'
     \varepsilon

'\varphi'
     \varphi

'\varpi'
     \varpi

'\varrho'
     \varrho

'\varsigma'
     \varsigma

'\vartheta'
     \vartheta

'\vdash'
     \vdash (relation)

'\vee'
     \vee (binary operation)

'\Vert'
     \Vert (delimiter)

'\vert'
     \vert (delimiter)

'\wedge'
     \wedge (binary operation)

'\wp'
     \wp

'\wr'
     \wr (binary operation)

'\Xi'
     \Xi

'\xi'
     \xi

'\zeta'
     \zeta

17.3 Math functions
===================

These commands produce roman function names in math mode with proper
spacing.

'\arccos'
     \arccos

'\arcsin'
     \arcsin

'\arctan'
     \arctan

'\arg'
     \arg

'\bmod'
     Binary modulo operator (x \bmod y)

'\cos'
     \cos

'\cosh'
     \cosh

'\cot'
     \cos

'\coth'
     \cosh

'\csc'
     \csc

'\deg'
     \deg

'\det'
     \deg

'\dim'
     \dim

'\exp'
     \exp

'\gcd'
     \gcd

'\hom'
     \hom

'\inf'
     \inf

'\ker'
     \ker

'\lg'
     \lg

'\lim'
     \lim

'\liminf'
     \liminf

'\limsup'
     \limsup

'\ln'
     \ln

'\log'
     \log

'\max'
     \max

'\min'
     \min

'\pmod'
     parenthesized modulus, as in (\pmod 2^n - 1)

'\Pr'
     \Pr

'\sec'
     \sec

'\sin'
     \sin

'\sinh'
     \sinh

'\sup'
     \sup

'\tan'
     \tan

'\tanh'
     \tanh

17.4 Math accents
=================

LaTeX provides a variety of commands for producing accented letters in
math.  These are different from accents in normal text (*note
Accents::).

'\acute'
     Math acute accent: \acute{x}.

'\bar'
     Math bar-over accent: \bar{x}.

'\breve'
     Math breve accent: \breve{x}.

'\check'
     Math ha'c<ek (check) accent: \check{x}.

'\ddot'
     Math dieresis accent: \ddot{x}.

'\dot'
     Math dot accent: \dot{x}.

'\grave'
     Math grave accent: \grave{x}.

'\hat'
     Math hat (circumflex) accent: \hat{x}.

'\imath'
     Math dotless i.

'\jmath'
     Math dotless j.

'\mathring'
     Math ring accent: x*.

'\tilde'
     Math tilde accent: \tilde{x}.

'\vec'
     Math vector symbol: \vec{x}.

'\widehat'
     Math wide hat accent: \widehat{x+y}.

'\widehat'
     Math wide tilde accent: \widetilde{x+y}.

17.5 Spacing in math mode
=========================

In a 'math' environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces you type and puts in
the spacing according to the normal rules for mathematics texts.  If you
want different spacing, LaTeX provides the following commands for use in
math mode:

'\;'
     A thick space (5\over18\,quad).
'\:'
'\>'
     Both of these produce a medium space (2\over9\,quad).
'\,'
     A thin space (1\over6\,quad); not restricted to math mode.
'\!'
     A negative thin space (-{1\over6}\,quad).

17.6 Math miscellany
====================

'\*'
     A "discretionary" multiplication symbol, at which a line break is
     allowed.

'\cdots'
     A horizontal ellipsis with the dots raised to the center of the
     line.

'\ddots'
     A diagonal ellipsis: \ddots.

'\frac{num}{den}'
     Produces the fraction 'num' divided by 'den'.

'\left DELIM1 ... \right DELIM2'
     The two delimiters need not match; '.' acts as a null delimiter,
     producing no output.  The delimiters are sized according to the
     math in between.  Example: '\left( \sum_i=1^10 a_i \right]'.

'\overbrace{TEXT}'
     Generates a brace over TEXT.  For example,
     \overbrace{x+\cdots+x}^{k \rm\;times}.

'\overline{TEXT}'
     Generates a horizontal line over TEX.  For exampe, \overline{x+y}.

'\sqrt[ROOT]{arg}'
     Produces the representation of the square root of ARG.  The
     optional argument ROOT determines what root to produce.  For
     example, the cube root of 'x+y' would be typed as
     '$\sqrt[3]{x+y}$'.

'\stackrel{TEXT}{RELATION}'
     Puts TEXT above RELATION.  For example,
     '\stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow}'.

'\underbrace{math}'
     Generates MATH with a brace underneath.

'\underline{text}'
     Causes TEXT, which may be either math mode or not, to be
     underlined.  The line is always below the text, taking account of
     descenders.

'\vdots'
     Produces a vertical ellipsis.

18 Modes
********

When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of three
modes:

   * Paragraph mode
   * Math mode
   * Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short

   LaTeX changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a
different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes.
Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when
LaTeX is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands.

   "Paragraph mode" is the most common; it's the one LaTeX is in when
processing ordinary text.  In that mode, LaTeX breaks your text into
lines and breaks the lines into pages.  LaTeX is in "math mode" when
it's generating a mathematical formula.  In "LR mode", as in paragraph
mode, LaTeX considers the output that it produces to be a string of
words with spaces between them.  However, unlike paragraph mode, LaTeX
keeps going from left to right; it never starts a new line in LR mode.
Even if you put a hundred words into an '\mbox', LaTeX would keep
typesetting them from left to right inside a single box, and then
complain because the resulting box was too wide to fit on the line.

   LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an '\mbox'
command.  You can get it to enter a different mode inside the box - for
example, you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in the box.
There are also several text-producing commands and environments for
making a box that put LaTeX in paragraph mode.  The box make by one of
these commands or environments will be called a 'parbox'.  When LaTeX is
in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in "inner
paragraph mode".  Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out in, is
called "outer paragraph mode".

19 Page styles
**************

The '\documentclass' command determines the size and position of the
page's head and foot.  The page style determines what goes in them.

19.1 '\maketitle'
=================

The '\maketitle' command generates a title on a separate title
page--except in the 'article' class, where the title is placed at the
top of the first page.  Information used to produce the title is
obtained from the following declarations:

'\author{NAME \and NAME2}'
     The '\author' command declares the document author(s), where the
     argument is a list of authors separated by '\and' commands.  Use
     '\\' to separate lines within a single author's entry--for example,
     to give the author's institution or address.

'\date{TEXT}'
     The '\date' command declares TEXT to be the document's date.  With
     no '\date' command, the current date (*note \today::) is used.

'\thanks{TEXT}'
     The '\thanks' command produces a '\footnote' to the title, usually
     used for credit acknowledgements.

'\title{TEXT}'
     The '\title' command declares TEXT to be the title of the document.
     Use '\\' to force a line break, as usual.

19.2 '\pagenumbering'
=====================

Synopsis:

     \pagenumbering{STYLE}

   Specifies the style of page numbers, according to STYLE:

'arabic'
     arabic numerals
'roman'
     lowercase Roman numerals
'Roman'
     uppercase Roman numerals
'alph'
     lowercase letters
'Alph'
     uppercase letters

19.3 '\pagestyle'
=================

Synopsis:

     \pagestyle{STYLE}

   The '\pagestyle' command specifies how the headers and footers are
typeset from the current page onwards.  Values for STYLE:

'plain'
     Just a plain page number.

'empty'
     Empty headers and footers, e.g., no page numbers.

'headings'
     Put running headers on each page.  The document style specifies
     what goes in the headers.

'myheadings'
     Custom headers, specified via the '\markboth' or the '\markright'
     commands.

   Here are the descriptions of '\markboth' and '\markright':

'\markboth{LEFT}{RIGHT}'
     Sets both the left and the right heading.  A "left-hand heading"
     (LEFT) is generated by the last '\markboth' command before the end
     of the page, while a "right-hand heading" (RIGHT is generated by
     the first '\markboth' or '\markright' that comes on the page if
     there is one, otherwise by the last one before the page.

'\markright{RIGHT}'
     Sets the right heading, leaving the left heading unchanged.

19.4 '\thispagestyle{STYLE}'
============================

The '\thispagestyle' command works in the same manner as the
'\pagestyle' command (see previous section) except that it changes to
STYLE for the current page only.

20 Spaces
*********

LaTeX has many ways to produce white (or filled) space.

   Another space-producing command is '\,' to produce a "thin" space
(usually 1/6quad).  It can be used in text mode, but is more often
useful in math mode (*note Spacing in math mode::).

20.1 '\hspace'
==============

Synopsis:

     \hspace[*]{LENGTH}

   The '\hspace' command adds horizontal space.  The LENGTH argument can
be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands: points, inches, etc.
It is a rubber length.  You can add both negative and positive space
with an '\hspace' command; adding negative space is like backspacing.

   LaTeX normally removes horizontal space that comes at the beginning
or end of a line.  To preserve this space, use the optional '*' form.

20.2 '\hfill'
=============

The '\hfill' fill command produces a "rubber length" which has no
natural space but can stretch or shrink horizontally as far as needed.

   The '\fill' parameter is the rubber length itself (technically, the
glue value '0pt plus1fill'); thus, '\hspace\fill' is equivalent to
'\hfill'.

20.3 '\SPACE'
=============

The '\ ' (space) command produces a normal interword space.  It's useful
after punctuation which shouldn't end a sentence.  For example 'Knuth's
article in Proc.\ Amer.\ Math\. Soc.\ is fundamental'.  It is also often
used after control sequences, as in '\TeX\ is a nice system.'

   In normal circumstances, '\'<tab> and '\'<newline> are equivalent to
'\ '.

20.4 '\@'
=========

The '\@' command makes the following punctuation character end a
sentence even if it normally would not.  This is typically used after a
capital letter.  Here are side-by-side examples with and without '\@':

     ... in C\@. Pascal, though ...
     ... in C. Pascal, though ...

produces

     ... in C.  Pascal, though ...
     ... in C. Pascal, though ...

20.5 '\thinspace'
=================

'\thinspace' produces an unbreakable and unstretchable space that is 1/6
of an em.  This is the proper space to use in nested quotes, as in '".

20.6 '\/'
=========

The '\/' command produces an "italic correction".  This is a small space
defined by the font designer for a given character, to avoid the
character colliding with whatever follows.  The italic f character
typically has a large italic correction value.

   If the following character is a period or comma, it's not necessary
to insert an italic correction, since those punctuation symbols have a
very small height.  However, with semicolons or colons, as well as
normal letters, it can help.  Compare f: f; (in the TeX output, the 'f's
are nicely separated) with f: f;.

   Despite the name, roman characters can also have an italic
correction.  Compare pdfTeX (in the TeX output, there is a small space
after the 'f') with pdfTeX.

20.7 '\hrulefill'
=================

The '\hrulefill' fill command produces a "rubber length" which can
stretch or shrink horizontally.  It will be filled with a horizontal
rule.

20.8 '\dotfill'
===============

The '\dotfill' command produces a "rubber length" that fills with dots
instead of just white space.

20.9 '\addvspace'
=================

'\addvspace{length}'

   The '\addvspace' command normally adds a vertical space of height
length.  However, if vertical space has already been added to the same
point in the output by a previous '\addvspace' command, then this
command will not add more space than needed to make the natural length
of the total vertical space equal to 'length'.

20.10 '\bigskip \medskip \smallskip'
====================================

These commands produce a given amount of space.

'\bigskip'
     The same as '\vspace{bigskipamount}', ordinarily about one line
     space (with stretch and shrink).

'\medskip'
     The same as '\vspace{medskipamount}', ordinarily about half of a
     line space (with stretch and shrink).

'\smallskip'
     The same as '\vspace{smallskipamount}', ordinarily about a quarter
     of a line space (with stretch and shrink).

   The '\...amount' parameters are determined by the document class.

20.11 '\vfill'
==============

The '\vfill' fill command produces a rubber length (glue) which can
stretch or shrink vertically as far as needed.  It's equivalent to
'\vspace{\fill}' (*note \hfill::).

20.12 '\vspace[*]{LENGTH}'
==========================

Synopsis:

     \vspace[*]{LENGTH}

   The '\vspace' command adds the vertical space LENGTH, i.e., a rubber
length.  LENGTH can be negative or positive.

   Ordinarily, LaTeX removes vertical space added by '\vspace' at the
top or bottom of a page.  With the optional '*' argument, the space is
not removed.

21 Boxes
********

All the predefined length parameters (*note Predefined lengths::) can be
used in the arguments of the box-making commands.

21.1 '\mbox{TEXT}'
==================

The '\mbox' command creates a box just wide enough to hold the text
created by its argument.  The TEXT is not broken into lines, so it can
be used to prevent hyphenation.

21.2 '\fbox' and '\framebox'
============================

Synopses:

     \fbox{TEXT}
     \framebox[WIDTH][POSITION]{TEXT}

   The '\fbox' and '\framebox' commands are like '\mbox', except that
they put a frame around the outside of the box being created.

   In addition, the '\framebox' command allows for explicit
specification of the box width with the optional WIDTH argument (a
dimension), and positioning with the optional POSITION argument.

   Both commands produce a rule of thickness '\fboxrule' (default
'.4pt'), and leave a space of '\fboxsep' (default '3pt') between the
rule and the contents of the box.

   *Note \framebox (picture)::, for the '\framebox' command in the
'picture' environment.

21.3 'lrbox'
============

'\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox}'

   This is the environment form of '\sbox'.

   The text inside the environment is saved in the box 'cmd', which must
have been declared with '\newsavebox'.

21.4 '\makebox'
===============

Synopsis:

     \makebox[WIDTH][POSITION]{TEXT}

   The '\makebox' command creates a box just wide enough to contain the
TEXT specified.  The width of the box is specified by the optional WIDTH
argument.  The position of the text within the box is determined by the
optional POSITION argument, which may take the following values:

'c'
     Centered (default).
'l'
     Flush left.
'r'
     Flush right.
's'
     Stretch (justify) across entire WIDTH; TEXT must contain
     stretchable space for this to work.

   '\makebox' is also used within the picture environment *note \makebox
(picture)::.

21.5 '\parbox'
==============

Synopsis:

     \parbox[POSITION][HEIGHT][INNER-POS]{WIDTH}{TEXT}

   The '\parbox' command produces a box whose contents are created in
'paragraph' mode.  It should be used to make a box small pieces of text,
with nothing fancy inside.  In particular, you shouldn't use any
paragraph-making environments inside a '\parbox' argument.  For larger
pieces of text, including ones containing a paragraph-making
environment, you should use a 'minipage' environment (*note minipage::).

   '\parbox' has two mandatory arguments:

WIDTH
     the width of the parbox;
TEXT
     the text that goes inside the parbox.

   The optional POSITION argument allows you to align either the top or
bottom line in the parbox with the baseline of the surrounding text
(default is top).

   The optional HEIGHT argument overrides the natural height of the box.

   The INNER-POS argument controls the placement of the text inside the
box, as follows; if it is not specified, POSITION is used.

't'
     text is placed at the top of the box.
'c'
     text is centered in the box.
'b'
     text is placed at the bottom of the box.
's'
     stretch vertically; the text must contain vertically stretchable
     space for this to work.

21.6 '\raisebox'
================

Synopsis:

     \raisebox{distance}[HEIGHT][DEPTH]{text}

   The '\raisebox' command raises or lowers TEXT.  The first mandatory
argument specifies how high TEXT is to be raised (or lowered if it is a
negative amount).  TEXT itself is processed in LR mode.

   The optional arguments HEIGHT and DEPTH are dimensions.  If they are
specified, LaTeX treats TEXT as extending a certain distance above the
baseline (height) or below (depth), ignoring its natural height and
depth.

21.7 '\savebox'
===============

Synopsis:

     \savebox{\BOXCMD}[WIDTH][POS]{TEXT}

   This command typeset TEXT in a box just as with '\makebox' (*note
\makebox::), except that instead of printing the resulting box, it saves
it in the box labeled \BOXCMD, which must have been declared with
'\newsavebox' (*note \newsavebox::).

21.8 '\sbox{\BOXCMD}{TEXT}'
===========================

Synopsis:

     \sbox{\BOXCMD}{TEXT}

   '\sbox' types TEXT in a box just as with '\mbox' (*note \mbox::)
except that instead of the resulting box being included in the normal
output, it is saved in the box labeled \BOXCMD.  \BOXCMD must have been
previously declared with '\newsavebox' (*note \newsavebox::).

21.9 '\usebox{\BOXCMD'
======================

Synopsis:

     \usebox{\BOXCMD}

   '\usebox' producesthe box most recently saved in the bin \BOXCMD by a
'\savebox' command (*note \savebox::).

22 Special insertions
*********************

LaTeX provides commands for inserting characters that have a special
meaning do not correspond to simple characters you can type.

22.1 Reserved characters
========================

The following characters play a special role in LaTeX and are called
"reserved characters" or "special characters".

     # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { }

   Whenever you write one of these characters into your file, LaTeX will
do something special.  If you simply want the character to be printed as
itself, include a '\' in front of the character.  For example, '\$' will
produce '$' in your output.

   One exception to this rule is '\' itself, because '\\' has its own
special (context-dependent) meaning.  A roman \ is produced by typing
'$\backslash$' in your file, and a typewriter '\' is produced by using
'\' in a verbatim command (*note verbatim::).

   Also, '\~' and '\^' place tilde and circumflex accents over the
following letter, as in o~ and o^ (*note Accents::); to get a standalone
'~' or '^', you can again use a verbatim command.

   Finally, you can access any character of the current font once you
know its number by using the '\symbol' command.  For example, the
visible space character used in the '\verb*' command has the code
decimal 32, so it can be typed as '\symbol{32}'.

   You can also specify octal numbers with ''' or hexadecimal numbers
with '"', so the previous example could also be written as
'\symbol{'40}' or '\symbol{"20}'.

22.2 Text symbols
=================

LaTeX provides commands to generate a number of non-letter symbols in
running text.  Some of these, especially the more obscure ones, are not
available in OT1; you may need to load the 'textcomp' package.

'\copyright'
'\textcopyright'
     The copyright symbol, (C).

'\dag'
     The dagger symbol (in text).

'\ddag'
     The double dagger symbol (in text).

'\LaTeX'
     The LaTeX logo.

'\guillemotleft (<<)'
'\guillemotright (>>)'
'\guilsinglleft (<)'
'\guilsinglright (>)'
     Double and single angle quotation marks, commonly used in French:
     <<, >>, <, >.

'\ldots'
'\dots'
'\textellipsis'
     An ellipsis (three dots at the baseline): '...'.  '\ldots' and
     '\dots' also work in math mode.

'\lq'
     Left (opening) quote: '.

'\P'
'\textparagraph'
     Paragraph sign (pilcrow).

'\pounds'
'\textsterling'
     English pounds sterling: #.

'\quotedblbase (,,)'
'\quotesinglbase (,)'
     Double and single quotation marks on the baseline: ,, and ,.

'\rq'
     Right (closing) quote: '.

'\S'
     Section symbol.

'\TeX'
     The TeX logo.

'\textasciicircum'
     ASCII circumflex: ^.

'\textasciitilde'
     ASCII tilde: ~.

'\textasteriskcentered'
     Centered asterisk: *.

'\textbackslash'
     Backslash: \.

'\textbar'
     Vertical bar: |.

'\textbardbl'
     Double vertical bar.

'\textbigcircle'
     Big circle symbol.

'\textbraceleft'
     Left brace: {.

'\textbraceright'
     Right brace: }.

'\textbullet'
     Bullet: *.

'\textcircled{LETTER}'
     LETTER in a circle, as in (R).

'\textcompwordmark'
'\textcapitalwordmark'
'\textascenderwordmark'
     Composite word mark (invisible).  The '\textcapital...' form has
     the cap height of the font, while the '\textascender...' form has
     the ascender height.

'\textdagger'
     Dagger: \dag.

'\textdaggerdbl'
     Double dagger: \ddag.

'\textdollar (or '$')'
     Dollar sign: $.

'\textemdash (or '---')'
     Em-dash: -- (for punctuation).

'\textendash (or '--')'
     En-dash: -- (for ranges).

'\texteuro'
     The Euro symbol: Euro.

'\textexclamdown (or '!`')'
     Upside down exclamation point: !.

'\textgreater'
     Greater than: >.

'\textless'
     Less than: <.

'\textleftarrow'
     Left arrow.

'\textordfeminine'
'\textordmasculine'
     Feminine and masculine ordinal symbols: a, o.

'\textperiodcentered'
     Centered period: \cdot.

'\textquestiondown (or '?`')'
     Upside down questionation point: ?.

'\textquotedblleft (or '``')'
     Double left quote: ".

'\textquotedblright (or ''')'
     Double right quote: ".

'\textquoteleft (or '`')'
     Single left quote: '.

'\textquoteright (or ''')'
     Single right quote: '.

'\textquotestraightbase'
'\textquotestraightdblbase'
     Single and double straight quotes on the baseline.

'\textregistered'
     Registered symbol: (R).

'\textrightarrow'
     Right arrow.

'\textthreequartersemdash'
     "Three-quarters" em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.

'\texttrademark'
     Trademark symbol: ^{\hbox{TM}}.

'\texttwelveudash'
     "Two-thirds" em-dash, between en-dash and em-dash.

'\textunderscore'
     Underscore: _.

'\textvisiblespace'
     Visible space symbol.

22.3 Accents
============

LaTeX has wide support for many of the world's scripts and languages,
through the 'babel' package and related support.  This section does not
attempt to cover all that support.  It merely lists the core LaTeX
commands for creating accented characters.

   The '\capital...' commands produce alternative forms for use with
capital letters.  These are not available with OT1.

'\"'
'\capitaldieresis'
     Produces an umlaut (dieresis), as in o".

'\''
'\capitalacute'
     Produces an acute accent, as in o'.  In the 'tabbing' environment,
     pushes current column to the right of the previous column (*note
     tabbing::).

'\.'
     Produces a dot accent over the following, as in o..

'\='
'\capitalmacron'
     Produces a macron (overbar) accent over the following, as in o=.

'\^'
'\capitalcircumflex'
     Produces a circumflex (hat) accent over the following, as in o^.

'\`'
'\capitalgrave'
     Produces a grave accent over the following, as in o`.  In the
     'tabbing' environment, move following text to the right margin
     (*note tabbing::).

'\~'
'\capitaltilde'
     Produces a tilde accent over the following, as in n~.

'\b'
     Produces a bar accent under the following, as in o_.

'\c'
'\capitalcedilla'
     Produces a cedilla accent under the following, as in c,.

'\d'
'\capitaldotaccent'
     Produces a dot accent under the following, as in .o.

'\H'
'\capitalhungarumlaut'
     Produces a long Hungarian umlaut accent over the following, as in
     o''.

'\i'
     Produces a dotless i, as in 'i'.

'\j'
     Produces a dotless j, as in 'j'.

'\k'
'\capitalogonek'
     Produces a letter with ogonek, as in 'o;'.  Not available in the
     OT1 encoding.

'\r'
'\capitalring'
     Produces a ring accent, as in 'o*'.

'\t'
'\capitaltie'
'\newtie'
'\capitalnewtie'
     Produces a tie-after accent, as in 'oo['.  The '\newtie' form is
     centered in its box.

'\u'
'\capitalbreve'
     Produces a breve accent, as in 'o('.

'\underbar'
     Not exactly an accent, this produces a bar under the argument text.
     The argument is always processed in horizontal mode.  The bar is
     always a fixed position under the baseline, thus crossing through
     descenders.  See also '\underline' in *note Math miscellany::.

'\v'
'\capitalcaron'
     Produces a ha'c<ek (check, caron) accent, as in 'o<'.

22.4 Non-English characters
===========================

Here are the basic LaTeX commands for inserting characters commonly used
in languages other than English.

'\aa'
'\AA'
     aa and AA.

'\ae'
'\AE'
     ae and AE.

'\dh'
'\DH'
     Icelandic letter eth: d and D.

'\dj'
'\DJ'
     xxxx

'\ij'
'\IJ'
     ij and IJ (except somewhat closer together than appears here).

'\l'
'\L'
     /l and /L.

'\ng'
'\NG'
     xxxx

'\o'
'\O'
     /o and /O.

'\oe'
'\OE'
     oe and OE.

'\ss'
'\SS'
     ss and SS.

'\th'
'\TH'
     Icelandic letter thorn: th and TH.

22.5 '\rule'
============

Synopsis:

     \rule[RAISE]{WIDTH}{THICKNESS}

   The '\rule' command produces "rules", that is, lines or rectangles.
The arguments are:

RAISE
     How high to raise the rule (optional).

WIDTH
     The length of the rule (mandatory).

THICKNESS
     The thickness of the rule (mandatory).

22.6 '\today'
=============

The '\today' command produces today's date, in the format 'MONTH DD,
YYYY'; for example, 'July 4, 1976'.  It uses the predefined counters
'\day', '\month', and '\year' (*note \day \month \year::) to do this.
It is not updated as the program runs.

   The 'datetime' package, among others, can produce a wide variety of
other date formats.

23 Splitting the input
**********************

A large document requires a lot of input.  Rather than putting the whole
input in a single large file, it's more efficient to split it into
several smaller ones.  Regardless of how many separate files you use,
there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you type
when you run LaTeX.

23.1 '\include'
===============

Synopsis:

     \include{FILE}

   If no '\includeonly' command is present, the '\include' command
executes '\clearpage' to start a new page (*note \clearpage::), then
reads FILE, then does another '\clearpage'.

   Given an '\includeonly' command, the '\include' actions are only run
if FILE is listed as an argument to '\includeonly'.  See the next
section.

   The '\include' command may not appear in the preamble or in a file
read by another '\include' command.

23.2 \'includeonly'
===================

Synopsis:

     \includeonly{FILE1,FILE2,...}

   The '\includeonly' command controls which files will be read by
subsequent '\include' commands.  The list of filenames is
comma-separated.  Each FILE must exactly match a filename specified in a
'\include' command for the selection to be effective.

   This command can only appear in the preamble.

23.3 \input
===========

Synopsis:

     \input{FILE}

   The '\input' command causes the specified FILE to be read and
processed, as if its contents had been inserted in the current file at
that point.

   If FILE does not end in '.tex' (e.g., 'foo' or 'foo.bar'), it is
first tried with that extension ('foo.tex' or 'foo.bar.tex').  If that
is not found, the original FILE is tried ('foo' or 'foo.bar').

24 Front/back matter
********************

24.1 Tables of contents
=======================

A table of contents is produced with the '\tableofcontents' command.
You put the command right where you want the table of contents to go;
LaTeX does the rest for you.  A previous run must have generated a
'.toc' file.

   The '\tableofcontents' command produces a heading, but it does not
automatically start a new page.  If you want a new page after the table
of contents, write a '\newpage' command after the '\tableofcontents'
command.

   The analogous commands '\listoffigures' and '\listoftables' produce a
list of figures and a list of tables, respectively.  Everything works
exactly the same as for the table of contents.

   The command '\nofiles' overrides these commands, and _prevents_ any
of these lists from being generated.

24.1.1 \addcontentsline
-----------------------

The '\addcontentsline'{EXT}{UNIT}{TEXT} command adds an entry to the
specified list or table where:

EXT
     The extension of the file on which information is to be written,
     typically one of: 'toc' (table of contents), 'lof' (list of
     figures), or 'lot' (list of tables).

UNIT
     The name of the sectional unit being added, typically one of the
     following, matching the value of the EXT argument:

     'toc'
          The name of the sectional unit: 'part', 'chapter', 'section',
          'subsection', 'subsubsection'.
     'lof'
          For the list of figures.
     'lot'
          For the list of tables.

ENTRY
     The actual text of the entry.

   What is written to the '.EXT' file is the command
'\contentsline{UNIT}{NAME}'.

24.1.2 \addtocontents
---------------------

The '\addtocontents'{EXT}{TEXT} command adds text (or formatting
commands) directly to the '.EXT' file that generates the table of
contents or lists of figures or tables.

EXT
     The extension of the file on which information is to be written:
     'toc' (table of contents), 'lof' (list of figures), or 'lot' (list
     of tables).

TEXT
     The text to be written.

24.2 Glossaries
===============

The command '\makeglossary' enables creating glossaries.

   The command '\glossary{TEXT}' writes a glossary entry for TEXT to an
auxiliary file with the '.glo' extension.

   Specifically, what gets written is the command
'\glossaryentry{TEXT}{PAGENO}', where PAGENO is the current '\thepage'
value.

   The 'glossary' package on CTAN provides support for fancier
glossaries.

24.3 Indexes
============

The command '\makeindex' enables creating indexes.  Put this in the
preamble.

   The command '\index{TEXT}' writes an index entry for TEXT to an
auxiliary file with the '.idx' extension.

   Specifically, what gets written is the command
'\indexentry{TEXT}{PAGENO}', where PAGENO is the current '\thepage'
value.

   To generate a index entry for 'bar' that says 'See foo', use a
vertical bar: '\index{bar|see{foo}}'.  Use 'seealso' instead of 'see' to
make a 'See also' entry.

   The text 'See' is defined by the macro '\seename', and 'See also' by
the macro '\alsoname'.  These can be redefined for other languages.

   The generated '.idx' file is then sorted with an external command,
usually either 'makeindex' (<http://mirror.ctan.org/indexing/makeindex>)
or (the multi-lingual) 'xindy' (<http://xindy.sourceforge.net>).  This
results in a '.ind' file, which can then be read to typeset the index.

   The index is usually generated with the '\printindex' command.  This
is defined in the 'makeidx' package, so '\usepackage{makeidx}' needs to
be in the preamble.

   The rubber length '\indexspace' is inserted before each new letter in
the printed index; its default value is '10pt plus5pt minus3pt'.

   The 'showidx' package causes each index entries to be shown in the
margin on the page where the entry appears.  This can help in preparing
the index.

   The 'multind' package supports multiple indexes.  See also the TeX
FAQ entry on this topic,
<http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=multind>.

25 Letters
**********

You can use LaTeX to typeset letters, both personal and business.  The
'letter' document class is designed to make a number of letters at once,
although you can make just one if you so desire.

   Your '.tex' source file has the same minimum commands as the other
document classes, i.e., you must have the following commands as a
minimum:

      \documentclass{letter}
      \begin{document}
       ... letters ...
      \end{document}

   Each letter is a 'letter' environment, whose argument is the name and
address of the recipient.  For example, you might have:

      \begin{letter}{Mr. Joe Smith\\ 2345 Princess St.
           \\ Edinburgh, EH1 1AA}
        ...
      \end{letter}

   The letter itself begins with the '\opening' command.  The text of
the letter follows.  It is typed as ordinary LaTeX input.  Commands that
make no sense in a letter, like '\chapter', do not work.  The letter
closes with a '\closing' command.

   After the 'closing', you can have additional material.  The '\cc'
command produces the usual "cc: ...".  There's also a similar '\encl'
command for a list of enclosures.  With both these commands, use '\\' to
separate the items.

   These commands are used with the 'letter' class.

25.1 \address{RETURN-ADDRESS}
=============================

The '\address' specifies the return address of a letter, as it should
appear on the letter and the envelope.  Separate lines of the address
should be separated by '\\' commands.

   If you do not make an '\address' declaration, then the letter will be
formatted for copying onto your organisation's standard letterhead.
(*Note Overview::, for details on your local implementation).  If you
give an '\address' declaration, then the letter will be formatted as a
personal letter.

25.2 '\cc'
==========

Synopsis:

     \cc{NAME1\\NAME2}

   Produce a list of NAMEs the letter was copied to.  Each name is
printed on a separate line.

25.3 '\closing'
===============

Synopsis:

     \closing{text}

   A letter closes with a '\closing' command, for example,
     \closing{Best Regards,}

25.4 '\encl'
============

Synopsis:

     \encl{LINE1\\LINE2}

   Declare a list of one more enclosures.

25.5 '\location'
================

'\location{address}'

   This modifies your organisation's standard address.  This only
appears if the 'firstpage' pagestyle is selected.

25.6 '\makelabels'
==================

'\makelabels{number}'

   If you issue this command in the preamble, LaTeX will create a sheet
of address labels.  This sheet will be output before the letters.

25.7 '\name'
============

'\name{June Davenport}'

   Your name, used for printing on the envelope together with the return
address.

25.8 '\opening{TEXT}'
=====================

Synopsis:

     \opening{TEXT}

   A letter begins with the '\opening' command.  The mandatory argument,
TEXT, is whatever text you wish to start your letter.  For instance:

     \opening{Dear Joe,}

25.9 '\ps'
==========

Use the '\ps' command to start a postscript in a letter, after
'\closing'.

25.10 '\signature{TEXT}'
========================

Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the
space for your signature.  '\\' starts a new line within TEXT as usual.

25.11 '\startbreaks'
====================

'\startbreaks'

   Used after a '\stopbreaks' command to allow page breaks again.

25.12 '\stopbreaks'
===================

'\stopbreaks'

   Inhibit page breaks until a '\startbreaks' command occurs.

25.13 '\telephone'
==================

'\telephone{number}'

   This is your telephone number.  This only appears if the 'firstpage'
pagestyle is selected.

26 Terminal input/output
************************

26.1 '\typein[CMD]{MSG}'
========================

Synopsis:

     \typein[\CMD]{MSG}

   '\typein' prints MSG on the terminal and causes LaTeX to stop and
wait for you to type a line of input, ending with return.  If the
optional \CMD argument is omitted, the typed input is processed as if it
had been included in the input file in place of the '\typein' command.
If the \CMD argument is present, it must be a command name.  This
command name is then defined or redefined to be the typed input.

26.2 '\typeout{MSG}'
====================

Synopsis:

     \typeout{MSG}

   Prints 'msg' on the terminal and in the 'log' file.  Commands in
'msg' that are defined with '\newcommand' or '\renewcommand' (among
others) are replaced by their definitions before being printed.

   LaTeX's usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space
and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to 'msg'.  A '\space'
command in 'msg' causes a single space to be printed, independent of
surrounding spaces.  A '^^J' in 'msg' prints a newline.

27 Command line
***************

The input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; TeX
uses '.tex' as a default file extension.  If you omit the input file
entirely, TeX accepts input from the terminal.  You specify command
options by supplying a string as a parameter to the command; e.g.

     latex '\nonstopmode\input foo.tex'

will process 'foo.tex' without pausing after every error.

   If LaTeX stops in the middle of the document and gives you a '*'
prompt, it is waiting for input.  You can type '\stop' (and return) and
it will prematurely end the document.

Appendix A Document templates
*****************************

Although not reference material, perhaps these document templates will
be useful.  Additional template resources are listed
<http://tug.org/interest.html#latextemplates>.

A.1 'book' template
===================

\documentclass{book}
\title{Book Class Template}
\author{Alex Author}

\begin{document}
\maketitle

\chapter{First}
Some text.

\chapter{Second}
Some other text.

\section{A subtopic}
The end.
\end{document}

A.2 'beamer' template
=====================

The 'beamer' class creates slides presentations.

\documentclass{beamer}

\title{Beamer Class template}
\author{Alex Author}
\date{July 31, 2007}

\begin{document}

\maketitle

% without [fragile], any {verbatim} code gets mysterious errors.
\begin{frame}[fragile]
 \frametitle{First Slide}

\begin{verbatim}
  This is \verbatim!
\end{verbatim}

\end{frame}

\end{document}

   One web resource for this:
<http://robjhyndman.com/hyndsight/beamer/>.

A.3 'tugboat' template
======================

'TUGboat' is the journal of the TeX Users Group,
<http://tug.org/TUGboat>.

\documentclass{ltugboat}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{ifpdf}
\ifpdf
\usepackage[breaklinks,colorlinks,linkcolor=black,citecolor=black,
            urlcolor=black]{hyperref}
\else
\usepackage{url}
\fi

\title{Example \TUB\ article}

% repeat info for each author.
\author{First Last}
\address{Street Address \\ Town, Postal \\ Country}
\netaddress{user (at) example dot org}
\personalURL{http://example.org/~user/}

\begin{document}

\maketitle

\begin{abstract}
This is an example article for \TUB{}.
\end{abstract}

\section{Introduction}

This is an example article for \TUB, from
\url{http://tug.org/TUGboat/location.html}.

We recommend the graphicx package for image inclusions, and the
hyperref package for active url's (in the \acro{PDF} output).
Nowadays \TUB\ is produced using \acro{PDF} files exclusively.

The \texttt{ltugboat} class provides these abbreviations and many more:

% verbatim blocks are often better in \small
\begin{verbatim}[\small]
\AllTeX \AMS \AmS \AmSLaTeX \AmSTeX \aw \AW
\BibTeX \CTAN \DTD \HTML
\ISBN \ISSN \LaTeXe
\Mc \mf \MFB \mtex \PCTeX \pcTeX
\PiC \PiCTeX \plain \POBox \PS
\SC \SGML \SliTeX \TANGLE \TB \TP
\TUB \TUG \tug
\UG \UNIX \VAX \XeT \WEB \WEAVE

\Dash \dash \vellipsis \bull \cents \Dag
\careof \thinskip

\acro{FRED} -> {\small[er] fred}  % please use!
\cs{fred}   -> \fred
\env{fred}  -> \begin{fred}
\meta{fred} -> <fred>
\nth{n}     -> 1st, 2nd, ...
\sfrac{3/4} -> 3/4
\booktitle{Book of Fred}
\end{verbatim}

For more information, see the ltubguid document at:
\url{http://mirror.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/tugboat}
(we recommend using \verb|mirror.ctan.org| for \CTAN\ references).

Email \verb|tugboat@tug.org| if problems or questions.

\bibliographystyle{plain}  % we recommend the plain bibliography style
\nocite{book-minimal}      % just making the bibliography non-empty
\bibliography{xampl}       % xampl.bib comes with BibTeX

\makesignature
\end{document}

Concept Index
*************

* Menu:

* '*' prompt:                            Command line.       (line 5018)
* *-form of defining new commands:       \newcommand & \renewcommand.
                                                             (line 2496)
* *-form of environment commands:        \newenvironment & \renewenvironment.
                                                             (line 2573)
* *-form of sectioning commands:         Sectioning.         (line  832)
* '.glo' file:                           Glossaries.         (line 4775)
* '.idx' file:                           Indexes.            (line 4791)
* '.ind' file:                           Indexes.            (line 4805)
* 'see' and 'see also' index entries:    Indexes.            (line 4798)
* abstracts:                             abstract.           (line  929)
* accents:                               Accents.            (line 4476)
* accents, mathematical:                 Math accents.       (line 3706)
* accessing any character of a font:     Reserved characters.
                                                             (line 4290)
* acute accent:                          Accents.            (line 4490)
* acute accent, math:                    Math accents.       (line 3711)
* ae ligature:                           Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4579)
* align environment, from 'amsmath':     eqnarray.           (line 1109)
* aligning equations:                    eqnarray.           (line 1109)
* alignment via tabbing:                 tabbing.            (line 1780)
* amsmath package, replacing 'eqnarray': eqnarray.           (line 1109)
* appendix, creating:                    Sectioning.         (line  838)
* aring:                                 Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4575)
* arrays, math:                          array.              (line  940)
* arrow, left, in text:                  Text symbols.       (line 4424)
* arrow, right, in text:                 Text symbols.       (line 4456)
* ascender height:                       Text symbols.       (line 4392)
* ASCII circumflex, in text:             Text symbols.       (line 4357)
* ASCII tilde, in text:                  Text symbols.       (line 4360)
* asterisk, centered, in text:           Text symbols.       (line 4363)
* author, for titlepage:                 \maketitle.         (line 3874)
* auxiliary file:                        Overview.           (line  319)
* backslash, in text:                    Text symbols.       (line 4366)
* bar, double vertical, in text:         Text symbols.       (line 4372)
* bar, vertical, in text:                Text symbols.       (line 4369)
* bar-over accent:                       Accents.            (line 4499)
* bar-over accent, math:                 Math accents.       (line 3714)
* bar-under accent:                      Accents.            (line 4516)
* basics of LaTeX:                       Overview.           (line  282)
* bibliography, creating (automatically): Using BibTeX.      (line 2123)
* bibliography, creating (manually):     thebibliography.    (line 2059)
* bibTeX, using:                         Using BibTeX.       (line 2123)
* big circle symbols, in text:           Text symbols.       (line 4375)
* black boxes, omitting:                 Document class options.
                                                             (line  392)
* bold font:                             Font styles.        (line  543)
* bold typewriter, avoiding:             description.        (line 1034)
* boxes:                                 Boxes.              (line 4105)
* brace, left, in text:                  Text symbols.       (line 4378)
* brace, right, in text:                 Text symbols.       (line 4381)
* breaking lines:                        Line breaking.      (line 2243)
* breaking pages:                        Page breaking.      (line 2344)
* breve accent:                          Accents.            (line 4555)
* breve accent, math:                    Math accents.       (line 3717)
* bug reporting:                         About this document.
                                                             (line  252)
* bullet symbol:                         Math symbols.       (line 3043)
* bullet, in text:                       Text symbols.       (line 4384)
* bulleted lists:                        itemize.            (line 1320)
* calligraphic letters for math:         Font styles.        (line  546)
* cap height:                            Text symbols.       (line 4392)
* caron accent:                          Accents.            (line 4565)
* case sensitivity of LaTeX:             Overview.           (line  331)
* cc list, in letters:                   \cc.                (line 4877)
* cedilla accent:                        Accents.            (line 4520)
* centered asterisk, in text:            Text symbols.       (line 4363)
* centered period, in text:              Text symbols.       (line 4431)
* centering text, declaration for:       \centering.         (line  999)
* centering text, environment for:       center.             (line  985)
* characters, accented:                  Accents.            (line 4476)
* characters, non-English:               Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4570)
* characters, reserved:                  Reserved characters.
                                                             (line 4271)
* check accent:                          Accents.            (line 4565)
* check accent, math:                    Math accents.       (line 3720)
* circle symbol, big, in text:           Text symbols.       (line 4375)
* circled letter, in text:               Text symbols.       (line 4387)
* circumflex accent:                     Accents.            (line 4503)
* circumflex accent, math:               Math accents.       (line 3732)
* circumflex, ASCII, in text:            Text symbols.       (line 4357)
* class options:                         Document class options.
                                                             (line  371)
* classes of documents:                  Document classes.   (line  354)
* closing letters:                       \closing.           (line 4887)
* closing quote:                         Text symbols.       (line 4348)
* code, typesetting:                     verbatim.           (line 2190)
* command line:                          Command line.       (line 5009)
* commands, defining new ones:           \newcommand & \renewcommand.
                                                             (line 2489)
* composite word mark, in text:          Text symbols.       (line 4392)
* computer programs, typesetting:        verbatim.           (line 2190)
* copyright symbol:                      Text symbols.       (line 4308)
* counters, a list of:                   Counters.           (line 2666)
* counters, defining new:                \newcounter.        (line 2525)
* counters, getting value of:            \value.             (line 2724)
* counters, setting:                     \setcounter.        (line 2738)
* creating letters:                      Letters.            (line 4828)
* creating pictures:                     picture.            (line 1492)
* creating tables:                       table.              (line 1871)
* credit footnote:                       \maketitle.         (line 3884)
* cross references:                      Cross references.   (line  859)
* cross referencing with page number:    \pageref.           (line  897)
* cross referencing, symbolic:           \ref.               (line  907)
* currency, dollar:                      Text symbols.       (line 4403)
* currency, euro:                        Text symbols.       (line 4412)
* dagger, double, in text:               Text symbols.       (line 4400)
* dagger, in text:                       Text symbols.       (line 4311)
* dagger, in text <1>:                   Text symbols.       (line 4397)
* date, for titlepage:                   \maketitle.         (line 3880)
* 'datetime' package:                    \today.             (line 4644)
* defining a new command:                \newcommand & \renewcommand.
                                                             (line 2489)
* defining new environments:             \newenvironment & \renewenvironment.
                                                             (line 2564)
* defining new fonts:                    \newfont.           (line 2631)
* defining new theorems:                 \newtheorem.        (line 2603)
* definitions:                           Definitions.        (line 2484)
* description lists, creating:           description.        (line 1022)
* dieresis accent:                       Accents.            (line 4486)
* discretionary multiplication:          Math miscellany.    (line 3777)
* displaying quoted text with paragraph indentation: quotation.
                                                             (line 1750)
* displaying quoted text without paragraph indentation: quote.
                                                             (line 1765)
* document class options:                Document class options.
                                                             (line  371)
* document classes:                      Document classes.   (line  354)
* document templates:                    Document templates. (line 5025)
* dollar sign:                           Text symbols.       (line 4403)
* dot accent:                            Accents.            (line 4495)
* dot over accent, math:                 Math accents.       (line 3726)
* dot-over accent:                       Accents.            (line 4495)
* dot-under accent:                      Accents.            (line 4524)
* dotless i:                             Accents.            (line 4532)
* dotless i, math:                       Math accents.       (line 3735)
* dotless j:                             Accents.            (line 4535)
* dotless j, math:                       Math accents.       (line 3738)
* double angle quotation marks:          Text symbols.       (line 4323)
* double dagger, in text:                Text symbols.       (line 4314)
* double dagger, in text <1>:            Text symbols.       (line 4400)
* double dot accent, math:               Math accents.       (line 3723)
* double guillemets:                     Text symbols.       (line 4323)
* double left quote:                     Text symbols.       (line 4437)
* double low-9 quotation mark:           Text symbols.       (line 4345)
* double quote, straight base:           Text symbols.       (line 4450)
* double right quote:                    Text symbols.       (line 4440)
* double spacing:                        Low-level font commands.
                                                             (line  644)
* double vertical bar, in text:          Text symbols.       (line 4372)
* e-dash:                                Text symbols.       (line 4409)
* ellipsis:                              Text symbols.       (line 4329)
* em-dash:                               Text symbols.       (line 4406)
* em-dash, three-quarters:               Text symbols.       (line 4459)
* em-dash, two-thirds:                   Text symbols.       (line 4465)
* emphasis:                              Font styles.        (line  475)
* emphasis <1>:                          Font styles.        (line  549)
* enclosure list:                        \encl.              (line 4897)
* ending & starting:                     Starting & ending.  (line  337)
* enlarge current page:                  \enlargethispage.   (line 2371)
* environments:                          Environments.       (line  919)
* environments, defining:                \newenvironment & \renewenvironment.
                                                             (line 2564)
* equation number, cross referencing:    \ref.               (line  907)
* equation numbers, omitting:            eqnarray.           (line 1132)
* equations, aligning:                   eqnarray.           (line 1109)
* equations, environment for:            equation.           (line 1144)
* es-zet German letter:                  Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4611)
* eth, Icelandic letter:                 Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4583)
* euro symbol:                           Text symbols.       (line 4412)
* exclamation point, upside-down:        Text symbols.       (line 4415)
* exponent:                              Subscripts & superscripts.
                                                             (line 2953)
* feminine ordinal symbol:               Text symbols.       (line 4428)
* figure number, cross referencing:      \ref.               (line  907)
* figures, footnotes in:                 minipage.           (line 1479)
* figures, inserting:                    figure.             (line 1157)
* fixed-width font:                      Font styles.        (line  567)
* 'float' package:                       figure.             (line 1185)
* 'float' package <1>:                   figure.             (line 1189)
* flushing floats and starting a page:   \clearpage.         (line 2359)
* font commands, low-level:              Low-level font commands.
                                                             (line  598)
* font sizes:                            Font sizes.         (line  572)
* font styles:                           Font styles.        (line  454)
* fonts:                                 Typefaces.          (line  448)
* fonts, new commands for:               \newfont.           (line 2631)
* footer style:                          \pagestyle.         (line 3914)
* footer, parameters for:                Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  738)
* footnote number, cross referencing:    \ref.               (line  907)
* footnote parameters:                   Footnote parameters.
                                                             (line 2468)
* footnotes in figures:                  minipage.           (line 1479)
* footnotes, creating:                   Footnotes.          (line 2404)
* footnotes, symbolic instead of numbered: Symbolic footnotes.
                                                             (line 2455)
* formulas, environment for:             equation.           (line 1144)
* formulas, math:                        Math formulas.      (line 2917)
* fragile commands:                      \protect.           (line 2645)
* French quotation marks:                Text symbols.       (line 4323)
* functions, math:                       Math functions.     (line 3598)
* global options:                        Document class options.
                                                             (line  371)
* global options <1>:                    Document class options.
                                                             (line  441)
* glossaries:                            Glossaries.         (line 4773)
* grave accent:                          Accents.            (line 4507)
* grave accent, math:                    Math accents.       (line 3729)
* greater than symbol, in text:          Text symbols.       (line 4418)
* greek letters:                         Math symbols.       (line 2962)
* ha'c<ek accent, math:                  Math accents.       (line 3720)
* hacek accent:                          Accents.            (line 4565)
* hat accent:                            Accents.            (line 4503)
* hat accent, math:                      Math accents.       (line 3732)
* header style:                          \pagestyle.         (line 3914)
* header, parameters for:                Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  738)
* here, putting floats:                  figure.             (line 1189)
* hungarian umlaut accent:               Accents.            (line 4528)
* hyphenation, defining:                 \hyphenation.       (line 2311)
* hyphenation, forcing:                  \- (hyphenation).   (line 2281)
* hyphenation, preventing:               \mbox.              (line 4111)
* Icelandic eth:                         Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4583)
* Icelandic thorn:                       Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4615)
* ij letter, Dutch:                      Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4591)
* in-line formulas:                      math.               (line 1452)
* indent, forcing:                       \indent.            (line 2846)
* indent, suppressing:                   \noindent.          (line 2857)
* indentation of paragraphs, in minipage: minipage.          (line 1475)
* indexes:                               Indexes.            (line 4788)
* input file:                            Splitting the input.
                                                             (line 4650)
* input/output:                          Terminal input/output.
                                                             (line 4976)
* inserting figures:                     figure.             (line 1157)
* italic font:                           Font styles.        (line  552)
* justification, ragged left:            \raggedleft.        (line 1307)
* justification, ragged right:           \raggedright.       (line 1281)
* Knuth, Donald E.:                      About this document.
                                                             (line  245)
* labelled lists, creating:              description.        (line 1022)
* Lamport, Leslie:                       About this document.
                                                             (line  245)
* LaTeX logo:                            Text symbols.       (line 4317)
* LaTeX overview:                        Overview.           (line  282)
* LaTeX Project team:                    About this document.
                                                             (line  245)
* layout commands:                       Layout.             (line  668)
* layout, page parameters for:           Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  738)
* left angle quotation marks:            Text symbols.       (line 4323)
* left arrow, in text:                   Text symbols.       (line 4424)
* left brace, in text:                   Text symbols.       (line 4378)
* left quote:                            Text symbols.       (line 4333)
* left quote, double:                    Text symbols.       (line 4437)
* left quote, single:                    Text symbols.       (line 4443)
* left-justifying text:                  \raggedright.       (line 1281)
* left-justifying text, environment for: flushleft.          (line 1268)
* left-to-right mode:                    Modes.              (line 3826)
* lengths, adding to:                    \addtolength.       (line 2791)
* lengths, defining and using:           Lengths.            (line 2778)
* lengths, defining new:                 \newlength.         (line 2540)
* lengths, predefined:                   Predefined lengths. (line 2819)
* lengths, setting:                      \setlength.         (line 2784)
* less than symbol, in text:             Text symbols.       (line 4421)
* letters:                               Letters.            (line 4828)
* letters, accented:                     Accents.            (line 4476)
* letters, ending:                       \closing.           (line 4887)
* letters, non-English:                  Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4570)
* letters, starting:                     \opening.           (line 4930)
* line break, forcing:                   \\.                 (line 2255)
* line breaking:                         Line breaking.      (line 2243)
* line breaks, forcing:                  \linebreak & \nolinebreak.
                                                             (line 2327)
* line breaks, preventing:               \linebreak & \nolinebreak.
                                                             (line 2327)
* lines in tables:                       tabular.            (line 1898)
* lining numerals:                       Font styles.        (line  527)
* lining text up in tables:              tabular.            (line 1898)
* lining text up using tab stops:        tabbing.            (line 1780)
* list items, specifying counter:        \usecounter.        (line 2713)
* lists of items:                        itemize.            (line 1320)
* lists of items, generic:               list.               (line 1427)
* lists of items, numbered:              enumerate.          (line 1071)
* loading additional packages:           Document class options.
                                                             (line  434)
* log file:                              Overview.           (line  315)
* logo, LaTeX:                           Text symbols.       (line 4317)
* logo, TeX:                             Text symbols.       (line 4354)
* low-9 quotation marks, single and double: Text symbols.    (line 4345)
* low-level font commands:               Low-level font commands.
                                                             (line  598)
* lR mode:                               Modes.              (line 3826)
* LuaTeX:                                Overview.           (line  306)
* macron accent:                         Accents.            (line 4499)
* macron accent, math:                   Math accents.       (line 3714)
* Madsen, Lars:                          eqnarray.           (line 1109)
* 'makeidx' package:                     Indexes.            (line 4810)
* 'makeindex' program:                   Indexes.            (line 4805)
* making a title page:                   titlepage.          (line 2173)
* making paragraphs:                     Making paragraphs.  (line 2838)
* marginal notes:                        Marginal notes.     (line 2870)
* masculine ordinal symbol:              Text symbols.       (line 4428)
* math accents:                          Math accents.       (line 3706)
* math formulas:                         Math formulas.      (line 2917)
* math functions:                        Math functions.     (line 3598)
* math miscellany:                       Math miscellany.    (line 3776)
* math mode:                             Modes.              (line 3826)
* math mode, entering:                   Math formulas.      (line 2917)
* math mode, spacing:                    Spacing in math mode.
                                                             (line 3758)
* math symbols:                          Math symbols.       (line 2962)
* minipage, creating a:                  minipage.           (line 1464)
* modes:                                 Modes.              (line 3826)
* monospace font:                        Font styles.        (line  567)
* moving arguments:                      \protect.           (line 2645)
* multicolumn text:                      \twocolumn.         (line  679)
* 'multind' package:                     Indexes.            (line 4821)
* multiplication symbol, discretionary line break: Math miscellany.
                                                             (line 3777)
* nested '\include', not allowed:        \include.           (line 4671)
* new commands, defining:                \newcommand & \renewcommand.
                                                             (line 2489)
* new line, output as input:             \obeycr & \restorecr.
                                                             (line 2265)
* new line, starting:                    \\.                 (line 2255)
* new line, starting (paragraph mode):   \newline.           (line 2274)
* new page, starting:                    \newpage.           (line 2365)
* non-English characters:                Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4570)
* notes in the margin:                   Marginal notes.     (line 2870)
* null delimiter:                        Math miscellany.    (line 3791)
* numbered items, specifying counter:    \usecounter.        (line 2713)
* numerals, old-style:                   Font styles.        (line  527)
* oblique font:                          Font styles.        (line  564)
* oe ligature:                           Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4607)
* ogonek:                                Accents.            (line 4539)
* old-style numerals:                    Font styles.        (line  527)
* one-column output:                     \onecolumn.         (line  673)
* opening quote:                         Text symbols.       (line 4333)
* options, document class:               Document class options.
                                                             (line  371)
* options, global:                       Document class options.
                                                             (line  441)
* ordinals, feminine and masculine:      Text symbols.       (line 4428)
* oslash:                                Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4603)
* overbar accent:                        Accents.            (line 4499)
* overdot accent, math:                  Math accents.       (line 3726)
* overview of LaTeX:                     Overview.           (line  282)
* packages, loading:                     Document class options.
                                                             (line  434)
* page break, forcing:                   \pagebreak & \nopagebreak.
                                                             (line 2386)
* page break, preventing:                \pagebreak & \nopagebreak.
                                                             (line 2386)
* page breaking:                         Page breaking.      (line 2344)
* page layout parameters:                Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  738)
* page number, cross referencing:        \pageref.           (line  897)
* page numbering style:                  \pagenumbering.     (line 3894)
* page styles:                           Page styles.        (line 3862)
* paragraph indentation, in minipage:    minipage.           (line 1475)
* paragraph indentations in quoted text: quotation.          (line 1750)
* paragraph indentations in quoted text, omitting: quote.    (line 1765)
* paragraph mode:                        Modes.              (line 3826)
* paragraph symbol:                      Text symbols.       (line 4337)
* paragraphs:                            Making paragraphs.  (line 2838)
* parameters, for footnotes:             Footnote parameters.
                                                             (line 2468)
* parameters, page layout:               Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  738)
* pdfTeX:                                Overview.           (line  300)
* period, centered, in text:             Text symbols.       (line 4431)
* pictures, creating:                    picture.            (line 1492)
* pilcrow:                               Text symbols.       (line 4337)
* placement of floats:                   figure.             (line 1170)
* poetry, an environment for:            verse.              (line 2224)
* polish l:                              Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4595)
* postscript, in letters:                \ps.                (line 4942)
* pounds symbol:                         Text symbols.       (line 4341)
* preamble, defined:                     Starting & ending.  (line  348)
* predefined lengths:                    Predefined lengths. (line 2819)
* prompt, '*':                           Command line.       (line 5018)
* questionation point, upside-down:      Text symbols.       (line 4434)
* quotation marks, French:               Text symbols.       (line 4323)
* quote, straight base:                  Text symbols.       (line 4450)
* quoted text with paragraph indentation, displaying: quotation.
                                                             (line 1750)
* quoted text without paragraph indentation, displaying: quote.
                                                             (line 1765)
* ragged left text:                      \raggedleft.        (line 1307)
* ragged left text, environment for:     flushright.         (line 1294)
* ragged right text:                     \raggedright.       (line 1281)
* ragged right text, environment for:    flushleft.          (line 1268)
* redefining environments:               \newenvironment & \renewenvironment.
                                                             (line 2564)
* registered symbol:                     Text symbols.       (line 4453)
* remarks in the margin:                 Marginal notes.     (line 2870)
* reporting bugs:                        About this document.
                                                             (line  252)
* reserved characters:                   Reserved characters.
                                                             (line 4271)
* right angle quotation marks:           Text symbols.       (line 4323)
* right arrow, in text:                  Text symbols.       (line 4456)
* right brace, in text:                  Text symbols.       (line 4381)
* right quote:                           Text symbols.       (line 4348)
* right quote, double:                   Text symbols.       (line 4440)
* right quote, single:                   Text symbols.       (line 4446)
* right-justifying text:                 \raggedleft.        (line 1307)
* right-justifying text, environment for: flushright.        (line 1294)
* ring accent:                           Accents.            (line 4544)
* ring accent, math:                     Math accents.       (line 3741)
* robust commands:                       \protect.           (line 2655)
* roman font:                            Font styles.        (line  555)
* running header and footer:             Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  738)
* running header and footer style:       \pagestyle.         (line 3914)
* sans serif font:                       Font styles.        (line  561)
* script letters for math:               Font styles.        (line  546)
* section number, cross referencing:     \ref.               (line  907)
* section numbers, printing:             Sectioning.         (line  848)
* section symbol:                        Text symbols.       (line 4351)
* sectioning:                            Sectioning.         (line  807)
* 'setspace' package:                    Low-level font commands.
                                                             (line  644)
* setting counters:                      \setcounter.        (line 2738)
* sharp S letters:                       Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4611)
* 'showidx' package:                     Indexes.            (line 4817)
* simulating typed text:                 verbatim.           (line 2190)
* single angle quotation marks:          Text symbols.       (line 4323)
* single guillemets:                     Text symbols.       (line 4323)
* single left quote:                     Text symbols.       (line 4443)
* single low-9 quotation mark:           Text symbols.       (line 4345)
* single right quote:                    Text symbols.       (line 4446)
* sizes of text:                         Font sizes.         (line  572)
* slanted font:                          Font styles.        (line  564)
* small caps font:                       Font styles.        (line  558)
* space, inserting vertical:             \addvspace.         (line 4054)
* spaces:                                Spaces.             (line 3957)
* spacing within math mode:              Spacing in math mode.
                                                             (line 3758)
* Spanish ordinals, feminine and masculine: Text symbols.    (line 4428)
* special characters:                    Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4570)
* specifier, float placement:            figure.             (line 1170)
* splitting the input file:              Splitting the input.
                                                             (line 4650)
* starting & ending:                     Starting & ending.  (line  337)
* starting a new page:                   \newpage.           (line 2365)
* starting a new page and clearing floats: \clearpage.       (line 2359)
* starting on a right-hand page:         \cleardoublepage.   (line 2351)
* sterling symbol:                       Text symbols.       (line 4341)
* straight double quote, base:           Text symbols.       (line 4450)
* straight quote, base:                  Text symbols.       (line 4450)
* stretch, omitting vertical:            \raggedbottom.      (line  732)
* styles of text:                        Font styles.        (line  454)
* styles, page:                          Page styles.        (line 3862)
* subscript:                             Subscripts & superscripts.
                                                             (line 2953)
* superscript:                           Subscripts & superscripts.
                                                             (line 2953)
* symbols, math:                         Math symbols.       (line 2962)
* tab stops, using:                      tabbing.            (line 1780)
* table of contents entry, manually adding: \addcontentsline.
                                                             (line 4729)
* table of contents, creating:           Tables of contents. (line 4709)
* tables, creating:                      table.              (line 1871)
* terminal input/output:                 Terminal input/output.
                                                             (line 4976)
* TeX logo:                              Text symbols.       (line 4354)
* text symbols:                          Text symbols.       (line 4302)
* 'textcomp' package:                    Font styles.        (line  527)
* thanks, for titlepage:                 \maketitle.         (line 3884)
* theorems, defining:                    \newtheorem.        (line 2603)
* theorems, typesetting:                 theorem.            (line 2160)
* thorn, Icelandic letter:               Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4615)
* three-quarters em-dash:                Text symbols.       (line 4459)
* tie-after accent:                      Accents.            (line 4550)
* tilde accent:                          Accents.            (line 4513)
* tilde accent, math:                    Math accents.       (line 3744)
* tilde, ASCII, in text:                 Text symbols.       (line 4360)
* title pages, creating:                 titlepage.          (line 2173)
* title, for titlepage:                  \maketitle.         (line 3888)
* titles, making:                        \maketitle.         (line 3868)
* trademark symbol:                      Text symbols.       (line 4462)
* transcript file:                       Overview.           (line  315)
* two-column output:                     \twocolumn.         (line  679)
* two-thirds em-dash:                    Text symbols.       (line 4465)
* typed text, simulating:                verbatim.           (line 2190)
* typeface sizes:                        Font sizes.         (line  572)
* typeface styles:                       Font styles.        (line  454)
* typefaces:                             Typefaces.          (line  448)
* typewriter font:                       Font styles.        (line  567)
* typewriter labels in lists:            description.        (line 1034)
* umlaut accent:                         Accents.            (line 4486)
* underbar:                              Accents.            (line 4558)
* underscore, in text:                   Text symbols.       (line 4468)
* unordered lists:                       itemize.            (line 1320)
* using BibTeX:                          Using BibTeX.       (line 2123)
* variables, a list of:                  Counters.           (line 2666)
* vector symbol, math:                   Math accents.       (line 3747)
* verbatim text:                         verbatim.           (line 2190)
* verbatim text, inline:                 \verb.              (line 2207)
* vertical bar, double, in text:         Text symbols.       (line 4372)
* vertical bar, in text:                 Text symbols.       (line 4369)
* vertical space:                        \addvspace.         (line 4054)
* vertical space before paragraphs:      \parskip.           (line 2864)
* visible space:                         \verb.              (line 2218)
* visible space symbol, in text:         Text symbols.       (line 4471)
* wide hat accent, math:                 Math accents.       (line 3750)
* wide tile accent, math:                Math accents.       (line 3753)
* XeTeX:                                 Overview.           (line  309)
* 'xindy' program:                       Indexes.            (line 4805)

Command Index
*************

* Menu:

* $:                                     Math formulas.      (line 2935)
* .aux file:                             Overview.           (line  319)
* .dvi file:                             Overview.           (line  292)
* .log file:                             Overview.           (line  315)
* .pdf file:                             Overview.           (line  300)
* .toc file:                             Tables of contents. (line 4709)
* 10pt option:                           Document class options.
                                                             (line  379)
* 11pt option:                           Document class options.
                                                             (line  379)
* 12pt option:                           Document class options.
                                                             (line  379)
* @{...}:                                array.              (line  963)
* [...] for optional arguments:          Overview.           (line  325)
* \ character starting commands:         Overview.           (line  325)
* \" (umlaut accent):                    Accents.            (line 4486)
* \#:                                    Reserved characters.
                                                             (line 4276)
* \$:                                    Reserved characters.
                                                             (line 4276)
* \%:                                    Reserved characters.
                                                             (line 4276)
* \&:                                    Reserved characters.
                                                             (line 4276)
* \' (acute accent):                     Accents.            (line 4490)
* \' (tabbing):                          tabbing.            (line 1819)
* \(:                                    Math formulas.      (line 2927)
* \):                                    Math formulas.      (line 2927)
* \*:                                    Math miscellany.    (line 3776)
* \+:                                    tabbing.            (line 1811)
* \,:                                    Spacing in math mode.
                                                             (line 3769)
* \-:                                    tabbing.            (line 1815)
* \- (hyphenation):                      \- (hyphenation).   (line 2281)
* \. (dot-over accent):                  Accents.            (line 4495)
* \/:                                    \/.                 (line 4023)
* \::                                    Spacing in math mode.
                                                             (line 3767)
* \;:                                    Spacing in math mode.
                                                             (line 3764)
* \<:                                    tabbing.            (line 1807)
* \= (macron accent):                    Accents.            (line 4499)
* \= (tabbing):                          tabbing.            (line 1801)
* \>:                                    tabbing.            (line 1805)
* \> <1>:                                Spacing in math mode.
                                                             (line 3767)
* \> (tabbing):                          tabbing.            (line 1804)
* \@:                                    \AT.                (line 4002)
* \@fnsymbol:                            Symbolic footnotes. (line 2460)
* \a (tabbing):                          tabbing.            (line 1834)
* \a' (acute accent in tabbing):         tabbing.            (line 1835)
* \a= (macron accent in tabbing):        tabbing.            (line 1835)
* \aa (aa):                              Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4575)
* \AA (AA):                              Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4575)
* \acute:                                Math accents.       (line 3710)
* \addcontentsline{EXT}{UNIT}{TEXT}:     \addcontentsline.   (line 4729)
* \address:                              \address.           (line 4864)
* \addtocontents{EXT}{TEXT}:             \addtocontents.     (line 4758)
* \addtocounter:                         \addtocounter.      (line 2748)
* \addtolength:                          \addtolength.       (line 2791)
* \addvspace:                            \addvspace.         (line 4054)
* \ae (ae):                              Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4579)
* \AE (AE):                              Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4579)
* \aleph:                                Math symbols.       (line 2970)
* \alph:                                 \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
                                                             (line 2684)
* \Alph:                                 \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
                                                             (line 2687)
* \Alph example:                         enumerate.          (line 1104)
* \alpha:                                Math symbols.       (line 2973)
* \alsoname:                             Indexes.            (line 4802)
* \amalg:                                Math symbols.       (line 2976)
* \and for '\author':                    \maketitle.         (line 3874)
* \angle:                                Math symbols.       (line 2979)
* \appendix:                             Sectioning.         (line  838)
* \approx:                               Math symbols.       (line 2982)
* \arabic:                               \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
                                                             (line 2690)
* \arccos:                               Math functions.     (line 3601)
* \arcsin:                               Math functions.     (line 3604)
* \arctan:                               Math functions.     (line 3607)
* \arg:                                  Math functions.     (line 3610)
* \arraycolsep:                          array.              (line  975)
* \arrayrulewidth:                       tabular.            (line 1992)
* \arraystretch:                         tabular.            (line 1996)
* \ast:                                  Math symbols.       (line 2985)
* \asymp:                                Math symbols.       (line 2988)
* \author{NAME \and NAME2}:              \maketitle.         (line 3873)
* \a` (grave accent in tabbing):         tabbing.            (line 1835)
* \b (bar-under accent):                 Accents.            (line 4516)
* \backslash:                            Math symbols.       (line 2991)
* \backslash <1>:                        Reserved characters.
                                                             (line 4281)
* \bar:                                  Math accents.       (line 3713)
* \baselineskip:                         Low-level font commands.
                                                             (line  638)
* \baselinestretch:                      Low-level font commands.
                                                             (line  644)
* \begin:                                Environments.       (line  919)
* \beta:                                 Math symbols.       (line 2994)
* \bf:                                   Font styles.        (line  542)
* \bfseries:                             Font styles.        (line  481)
* \bibitem:                              \bibitem.           (line 2084)
* \bibliography:                         Using BibTeX.       (line 2123)
* \bibliographystyle:                    Using BibTeX.       (line 2123)
* \bigcap:                               Math symbols.       (line 2997)
* \bigcap <1>:                           Math symbols.       (line 3027)
* \bigcirc:                              Math symbols.       (line 3000)
* \bigcup:                               Math symbols.       (line 3003)
* \bigodot:                              Math symbols.       (line 3006)
* \bigoplus:                             Math symbols.       (line 3009)
* \bigotimes:                            Math symbols.       (line 3012)
* \bigskip:                              \bigskip \medskip \smallskip.
                                                             (line 4068)
* \bigskipamount:                        \bigskip \medskip \smallskip.
                                                             (line 4068)
* \bigsqcup:                             Math symbols.       (line 3021)
* \bigtriangledown:                      Math symbols.       (line 3015)
* \bigtriangleup:                        Math symbols.       (line 3018)
* \biguplus:                             Math symbols.       (line 3024)
* \bigwedge:                             Math symbols.       (line 3030)
* \bmod:                                 Math functions.     (line 3613)
* \boldmath:                             Math formulas.      (line 2940)
* \bot:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3033)
* \bottomfraction:                       figure.             (line 1218)
* \bottomnumber:                         figure.             (line 1251)
* \bowtie:                               Math symbols.       (line 3036)
* \Box:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3039)
* \breve:                                Math accents.       (line 3716)
* \bullet:                               Math symbols.       (line 3042)
* \c (cedilla accent):                   Accents.            (line 4520)
* \cal:                                  Font styles.        (line  545)
* \cap:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3045)
* \capitalacute:                         Accents.            (line 4490)
* \capitalbreve:                         Accents.            (line 4555)
* \capitalcaron:                         Accents.            (line 4565)
* \capitalcedilla:                       Accents.            (line 4520)
* \capitalcircumflex:                    Accents.            (line 4503)
* \capitaldieresis:                      Accents.            (line 4486)
* \capitaldotaccent:                     Accents.            (line 4524)
* \capitalgrave:                         Accents.            (line 4507)
* \capitalhungarumlaut:                  Accents.            (line 4528)
* \capitalmacron:                        Accents.            (line 4499)
* \capitalnewtie:                        Accents.            (line 4550)
* \capitalogonek:                        Accents.            (line 4539)
* \capitalring:                          Accents.            (line 4544)
* \capitaltie:                           Accents.            (line 4550)
* \capitaltilde:                         Accents.            (line 4513)
* \caption:                              figure.             (line 1211)
* \cc:                                   \cc.                (line 4877)
* \cdot:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3048)
* \cdots:                                Math miscellany.    (line 3780)
* \centering:                            \centering.         (line  999)
* \chapter:                              Sectioning.         (line  810)
* \check:                                Math accents.       (line 3719)
* \chi:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3051)
* \circ:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3054)
* \circle:                               \circle.            (line 1562)
* \cite:                                 \cite.              (line 2101)
* \cleardoublepage:                      \cleardoublepage.   (line 2351)
* \clearpage:                            \clearpage.         (line 2359)
* \cline:                                \cline.             (line 2034)
* \closing:                              \closing.           (line 4887)
* \clubsuit:                             Math symbols.       (line 3057)
* \columnsep:                            \twocolumn.         (line  689)
* \columnseprule:                        \twocolumn.         (line  692)
* \columnwidth:                          \twocolumn.         (line  696)
* \cong:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3060)
* \contentsline:                         \addcontentsline.   (line 4752)
* \coprod:                               Math symbols.       (line 3063)
* \copyright:                            Text symbols.       (line 4306)
* \cos:                                  Math functions.     (line 3616)
* \cosh:                                 Math functions.     (line 3619)
* \cot:                                  Math functions.     (line 3622)
* \coth:                                 Math functions.     (line 3625)
* \csc:                                  Math functions.     (line 3628)
* \cup:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3066)
* \d (dot-under accent):                 Accents.            (line 4524)
* \dag:                                  Text symbols.       (line 4310)
* \dagger:                               Math symbols.       (line 3069)
* \dashbox:                              \dashbox.           (line 1613)
* \dashv:                                Math symbols.       (line 3072)
* \date{TEXT}:                           \maketitle.         (line 3879)
* \day:                                  \day \month \year.  (line 2767)
* \dblfloatpagefraction:                 \twocolumn.         (line  707)
* \dblfloatsep:                          \twocolumn.         (line  711)
* \dbltextfloatsep:                      \twocolumn.         (line  716)
* \dbltopfraction:                       \twocolumn.         (line  702)
* \ddag:                                 Text symbols.       (line 4313)
* \ddagger:                              Math symbols.       (line 3075)
* \ddot:                                 Math accents.       (line 3722)
* \ddots:                                Math miscellany.    (line 3784)
* \deg:                                  Math functions.     (line 3631)
* \Delta:                                Math symbols.       (line 3078)
* \delta:                                Math symbols.       (line 3081)
* \depth:                                Predefined lengths. (line 2823)
* \det:                                  Math functions.     (line 3634)
* \dh (ae):                              Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4583)
* \DH (AE):                              Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4583)
* \Diamond:                              Math symbols.       (line 3084)
* \diamond:                              Math symbols.       (line 3087)
* \diamondsuit:                          Math symbols.       (line 3090)
* \dim:                                  Math functions.     (line 3637)
* \displaystyle:                         Math formulas.      (line 2945)
* \div:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3093)
* \dj:                                   Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4587)
* \DJ:                                   Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4587)
* \documentclass:                        Document classes.   (line  354)
* \dot:                                  Math accents.       (line 3725)
* \doteq:                                Math symbols.       (line 3096)
* \dotfill:                              \dotfill.           (line 4048)
* \dots:                                 Text symbols.       (line 4327)
* \doublerulesep:                        tabular.            (line 2000)
* \downarrow:                            Math symbols.       (line 3099)
* \Downarrow:                            Math symbols.       (line 3102)
* \ell:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3105)
* \em:                                   Font styles.        (line  548)
* \emph:                                 Font styles.        (line  475)
* \emptyset:                             Math symbols.       (line 3108)
* \encl:                                 \encl.              (line 4897)
* \end:                                  Environments.       (line  919)
* \enlargethispage:                      \enlargethispage.   (line 2371)
* \enumi:                                enumerate.          (line 1094)
* \enumii:                               enumerate.          (line 1094)
* \enumiii:                              enumerate.          (line 1094)
* \enumiv:                               enumerate.          (line 1094)
* \epsilon:                              Math symbols.       (line 3111)
* \equiv:                                Math symbols.       (line 3114)
* \eta:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3117)
* \evensidemargin:                       Document class options.
                                                             (line  415)
* \exists:                               Math symbols.       (line 3120)
* \exp:                                  Math functions.     (line 3640)
* \extracolsep:                          tabular.            (line 1963)
* \fbox:                                 \fbox and \framebox.
                                                             (line 4118)
* \fboxrule:                             \framebox (picture).
                                                             (line 1607)
* \fboxrule <1>:                         \fbox and \framebox.
                                                             (line 4130)
* \fboxsep:                              \framebox (picture).
                                                             (line 1607)
* \fboxsep <1>:                          \fbox and \framebox.
                                                             (line 4130)
* \fill:                                 \hfill.             (line 3984)
* \flat:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3123)
* \floatpagefraction:                    figure.             (line 1221)
* \floatsep:                             figure.             (line 1236)
* \flushbottom:                          \flushbottom.       (line  723)
* \fnsymbol:                             \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
                                                             (line 2699)
* \fnsymbol, and footnotes:              Symbolic footnotes. (line 2460)
* \fontencoding:                         Low-level font commands.
                                                             (line  603)
* \fontfamily:                           Low-level font commands.
                                                             (line  606)
* \fontseries:                           Low-level font commands.
                                                             (line  615)
* \fontshape:                            Low-level font commands.
                                                             (line  626)
* \fontsize:                             Low-level font commands.
                                                             (line  638)
* \footnote:                             \footnote.          (line 2411)
* \footnotemark:                         \footnotemark.      (line 2426)
* \footnoterule:                         Footnote parameters.
                                                             (line 2468)
* \footnotesep:                          Footnote parameters.
                                                             (line 2474)
* \footnotesize:                         Font sizes.         (line  577)
* \footnotetext:                         \footnotetext.      (line 2441)
* \footskip:                             Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  748)
* \forall:                               Math symbols.       (line 3126)
* \frac:                                 Math miscellany.    (line 3788)
* \frac{num}{den}:                       Math miscellany.    (line 3787)
* \frame:                                \frame.             (line 1628)
* \framebox:                             \framebox (picture).
                                                             (line 1599)
* \framebox <1>:                         \fbox and \framebox.
                                                             (line 4118)
* \frown:                                Math symbols.       (line 3129)
* \fussy:                                \fussy.             (line 2293)
* \Gamma:                                Math symbols.       (line 3132)
* \gamma:                                Math symbols.       (line 3135)
* \gcd:                                  Math functions.     (line 3643)
* \ge:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3138)
* \geq:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3141)
* \gets:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3144)
* \gg:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3147)
* \glossary:                             Glossaries.         (line 4775)
* \glossaryentry:                        Glossaries.         (line 4778)
* \grave:                                Math accents.       (line 3728)
* \guillemotleft (<<):                   Text symbols.       (line 4319)
* \guillemotright (>>):                  Text symbols.       (line 4320)
* \guilsinglleft (<):                    Text symbols.       (line 4321)
* \guilsinglright (>):                   Text symbols.       (line 4322)
* \H (Hungarian umlaut accent):          Accents.            (line 4528)
* \hat:                                  Math accents.       (line 3731)
* \hbar:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3150)
* \headheight:                           Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  738)
* \headsep:                              Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  743)
* \heartsuit:                            Math symbols.       (line 3153)
* \height:                               Predefined lengths. (line 2821)
* \hfill:                                \hfill.             (line 3981)
* \hline:                                \hline.             (line 2045)
* \hom:                                  Math functions.     (line 3646)
* \hookleftarrow:                        Math symbols.       (line 3156)
* \hookrightarrow:                       Math symbols.       (line 3159)
* \hrulefill:                            \hrulefill.         (line 4041)
* \hsize:                                Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  788)
* \hspace:                               \hspace.            (line 3966)
* \huge:                                 Font sizes.         (line  577)
* \Huge:                                 Font sizes.         (line  577)
* \hyphenation:                          \hyphenation.       (line 2311)
* \i (dotless i):                        Accents.            (line 4532)
* \iff:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3162)
* \ij (ij):                              Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4591)
* \IJ (IJ):                              Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4591)
* \Im:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3165)
* \imath:                                Math accents.       (line 3734)
* \in:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3168)
* \include:                              \include.           (line 4659)
* \includeonly:                          \includeonly.       (line 4677)
* \indent:                               \indent.            (line 2846)
* \index:                                Indexes.            (line 4791)
* \indexentry:                           Indexes.            (line 4794)
* \inf:                                  Math functions.     (line 3649)
* \infty:                                Math symbols.       (line 3171)
* \input:                                \input.             (line 4691)
* \int:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3174)
* \intextsep:                            figure.             (line 1240)
* \iota:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3177)
* \it:                                   Font styles.        (line  551)
* \item:                                 description.        (line 1030)
* \item <1>:                             enumerate.          (line 1084)
* \item <2>:                             itemize.            (line 1320)
* \itemindent:                           itemize.            (line 1363)
* \itemsep:                              itemize.            (line 1385)
* \itshape:                              Font styles.        (line  472)
* \j (dotless j):                        Accents.            (line 4535)
* \jmath:                                Math accents.       (line 3737)
* \Join:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3180)
* \k (ogonek):                           Accents.            (line 4539)
* \kappa:                                Math symbols.       (line 3183)
* \ker:                                  Math functions.     (line 3652)
* \kill:                                 tabbing.            (line 1839)
* \l (/l):                               Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4595)
* \L (/L):                               Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4595)
* \label:                                \label.             (line  865)
* \labelenumi:                           enumerate.          (line 1098)
* \labelenumii:                          enumerate.          (line 1098)
* \labelenumiii:                         enumerate.          (line 1098)
* \labelenumiv:                          enumerate.          (line 1098)
* \labelitemi:                           itemize.            (line 1343)
* \labelitemii:                          itemize.            (line 1343)
* \labelitemiii:                         itemize.            (line 1343)
* \labelitemiv:                          itemize.            (line 1343)
* \labelsep:                             itemize.            (line 1366)
* \labelwidth:                           itemize.            (line 1369)
* \Lambda:                               Math symbols.       (line 3186)
* \lambda:                               Math symbols.       (line 3189)
* \land:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3192)
* \langle:                               Math symbols.       (line 3195)
* \large:                                Font sizes.         (line  577)
* \Large:                                Font sizes.         (line  577)
* \LARGE:                                Font sizes.         (line  577)
* \LaTeX:                                Text symbols.       (line 4316)
* \lbrace:                               Math symbols.       (line 3198)
* \lbrack:                               Math symbols.       (line 3201)
* \lceil:                                Math symbols.       (line 3204)
* \ldots:                                Text symbols.       (line 4326)
* \le:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3207)
* \leadsto:                              Math symbols.       (line 3210)
* \left DELIM1 ... \right DELIM2:        Math miscellany.    (line 3790)
* \Leftarrow:                            Math symbols.       (line 3212)
* \leftarrow:                            Math symbols.       (line 3215)
* \lefteqn:                              eqnarray.           (line 1137)
* \leftharpoondown:                      Math symbols.       (line 3218)
* \leftharpoonup:                        Math symbols.       (line 3221)
* \leftmargin:                           itemize.            (line 1350)
* \leftmargini:                          itemize.            (line 1350)
* \leftmarginii:                         itemize.            (line 1350)
* \leftmarginiii:                        itemize.            (line 1350)
* \leftmarginiv:                         itemize.            (line 1350)
* \leftmarginv:                          itemize.            (line 1350)
* \leftmarginvi:                         itemize.            (line 1350)
* \Leftrightarrow:                       Math symbols.       (line 3224)
* \leftrightarrow:                       Math symbols.       (line 3227)
* \leq:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3230)
* \lfloor:                               Math symbols.       (line 3233)
* \lg:                                   Math functions.     (line 3655)
* \lhd:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3236)
* \lim:                                  Math functions.     (line 3658)
* \liminf:                               Math functions.     (line 3661)
* \limsup:                               Math functions.     (line 3664)
* \line:                                 \line.              (line 1639)
* \linebreak:                            \linebreak & \nolinebreak.
                                                             (line 2327)
* \linespread:                           Low-level font commands.
                                                             (line  651)
* \linethickness:                        \linethickness.     (line 1654)
* \linewidth:                            Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  753)
* \listoffigures:                        Tables of contents. (line 4719)
* \listoftables:                         Tables of contents. (line 4719)
* \listparindent:                        itemize.            (line 1372)
* \ll:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3239)
* \ln:                                   Math functions.     (line 3667)
* \lnot:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3242)
* \location:                             \location.          (line 4906)
* \log:                                  Math functions.     (line 3670)
* \longleftarrow:                        Math symbols.       (line 3245)
* \longleftrightarrow:                   Math symbols.       (line 3248)
* \longmapsto:                           Math symbols.       (line 3251)
* \longrightarrow:                       Math symbols.       (line 3254)
* \lor:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3257)
* \lq:                                   Text symbols.       (line 4332)
* \makebox:                              \makebox.           (line 4150)
* \makebox (picture):                    \makebox (picture). (line 1573)
* \makeglossary:                         Glossaries.         (line 4773)
* \makeindex:                            Indexes.            (line 4788)
* \makelabels:                           \makelabels.        (line 4914)
* \maketitle:                            \maketitle.         (line 3868)
* \mapsto:                               Math symbols.       (line 3260)
* \marginpar:                            Marginal notes.     (line 2870)
* \marginparpush:                        Marginal notes.     (line 2897)
* \marginparsep:                         Marginal notes.     (line 2901)
* \marginparwidth:                       Marginal notes.     (line 2905)
* \markboth{LEFT}{RIGHT}:                \pagestyle.         (line 3937)
* \markright{RIGHT}:                     \pagestyle.         (line 3944)
* \mathbf:                               Font styles.        (line  505)
* \mathcal:                              Font styles.        (line  521)
* \mathnormal:                           Font styles.        (line  518)
* \mathring:                             Math accents.       (line 3740)
* \mathrm:                               Font styles.        (line  502)
* \mathsf:                               Font styles.        (line  508)
* \mathtt:                               Font styles.        (line  511)
* \mathversion:                          Font styles.        (line  523)
* \max:                                  Math functions.     (line 3673)
* \mbox:                                 \mbox.              (line 4111)
* \mdseries:                             Font styles.        (line  478)
* \medskip:                              \bigskip \medskip \smallskip.
                                                             (line 4072)
* \medskipamount:                        \bigskip \medskip \smallskip.
                                                             (line 4072)
* \mho:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3263)
* \mid:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3265)
* \min:                                  Math functions.     (line 3676)
* \models:                               Math symbols.       (line 3268)
* \month:                                \day \month \year.  (line 2767)
* \mp:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3271)
* \mu:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3274)
* \multicolumn:                          \multicolumn.       (line 2012)
* \multiput:                             \multiput.          (line 1678)
* \nabla:                                Math symbols.       (line 3277)
* \name:                                 \name.              (line 4922)
* \natural:                              Math symbols.       (line 3280)
* \ne:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3283)
* \nearrow:                              Math symbols.       (line 3286)
* \neg:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3289)
* \neq:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3292)
* \newcommand:                           \newcommand & \renewcommand.
                                                             (line 2489)
* \newcounter:                           \newcounter.        (line 2525)
* \newenvironment:                       \newenvironment & \renewenvironment.
                                                             (line 2564)
* \newfont:                              \newfont.           (line 2631)
* \newlength:                            \newlength.         (line 2540)
* \newline:                              \newline.           (line 2274)
* \NEWLINE:                              \SPACE.             (line 3991)
* \newpage:                              \newpage.           (line 2365)
* \newsavebox:                           \newsavebox.        (line 2554)
* \newtheorem:                           \newtheorem.        (line 2603)
* \newtie:                               Accents.            (line 4550)
* \ng:                                   Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4599)
* \NG:                                   Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4599)
* \ni:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3295)
* \nocite:                               \nocite.            (line 2115)
* \nofiles:                              Tables of contents. (line 4723)
* \noindent:                             \noindent.          (line 2857)
* \nolinebreak:                          \linebreak & \nolinebreak.
                                                             (line 2327)
* \nonumber:                             eqnarray.           (line 1132)
* \nopagebreak:                          \pagebreak & \nopagebreak.
                                                             (line 2386)
* \normalfont:                           Font styles.        (line  499)
* \normalmarginpar:                      Marginal notes.     (line 2885)
* \normalsize:                           Font sizes.         (line  577)
* \not:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3298)
* \notin:                                Math symbols.       (line 3301)
* \nu:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3304)
* \nwarrow:                              Math symbols.       (line 3307)
* \o (/o):                               Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4603)
* \O (/O):                               Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4603)
* \obeycr:                               \obeycr & \restorecr.
                                                             (line 2265)
* \oddsidemargin:                        Document class options.
                                                             (line  415)
* \odot:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3310)
* \oe (oe):                              Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4607)
* \OE (OE):                              Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4607)
* \oint:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3313)
* \oldstylenums:                         Font styles.        (line  527)
* \Omega:                                Math symbols.       (line 3316)
* \omega:                                Math symbols.       (line 3319)
* \ominus:                               Math symbols.       (line 3322)
* \onecolumn:                            \onecolumn.         (line  673)
* \opening:                              \opening.           (line 4930)
* \oplus:                                Math symbols.       (line 3325)
* \oslash:                               Math symbols.       (line 3328)
* \otimes:                               Math symbols.       (line 3331)
* \oval:                                 \oval.              (line 1688)
* \overbrace{TEXT}:                      Math miscellany.    (line 3795)
* \overline{TEXT}:                       Math miscellany.    (line 3799)
* \owns:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3334)
* \P:                                    Text symbols.       (line 4335)
* \pagebreak:                            \pagebreak & \nopagebreak.
                                                             (line 2386)
* \pagenumbering:                        \pagenumbering.     (line 3894)
* \pageref:                              \pageref.           (line  897)
* \pagestyle:                            \pagestyle.         (line 3914)
* \paragraph:                            Sectioning.         (line  815)
* \parallel:                             Math symbols.       (line 3337)
* \parbox:                               \parbox.            (line 4175)
* \parindent:                            minipage.           (line 1475)
* \parindent <1>:                        \indent.            (line 2846)
* \parsep:                               itemize.            (line 1390)
* \parskip:                              \parskip.           (line 2864)
* \parskip example:                      itemize.            (line 1406)
* \part:                                 Sectioning.         (line  809)
* \partial:                              Math symbols.       (line 3340)
* \partopsep:                            itemize.            (line 1400)
* \perp:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3343)
* \phi:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3346)
* \Pi:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3349)
* \pi:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3352)
* \pm:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3355)
* \pmod:                                 Math functions.     (line 3679)
* \poptabs:                              tabbing.            (line 1845)
* \poptabs <1>:                          tabbing.            (line 1846)
* \pounds:                               Text symbols.       (line 4339)
* \Pr:                                   Math functions.     (line 3682)
* \prec:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3358)
* \preceq:                               Math symbols.       (line 3361)
* \prime:                                Math symbols.       (line 3364)
* \prod:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3367)
* \propto:                               Math symbols.       (line 3370)
* \protect:                              \protect.           (line 2645)
* \ps:                                   \ps.                (line 4942)
* \Psi:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3373)
* \psi:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3376)
* \pushtabs:                             tabbing.            (line 1848)
* \put:                                  \put.               (line 1712)
* \quotedblbase (,,):                    Text symbols.       (line 4343)
* \quotesinglbase (,):                   Text symbols.       (line 4344)
* \r (ring accent):                      Accents.            (line 4544)
* \raggedbottom:                         \raggedbottom.      (line  732)
* \raggedleft:                           \raggedleft.        (line 1307)
* \raggedright:                          \raggedright.       (line 1281)
* \raisebox:                             \raisebox.          (line 4215)
* \rangle:                               Math symbols.       (line 3379)
* \rbrace:                               Math symbols.       (line 3382)
* \rbrack:                               Math symbols.       (line 3385)
* \rceil:                                Math symbols.       (line 3388)
* \Re:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3391)
* \ref:                                  \ref.               (line  907)
* \refstepcounter:                       \refstepcounter.    (line 2754)
* \renewenvironment:                     \newenvironment & \renewenvironment.
                                                             (line 2564)
* \restorecr:                            \obeycr & \restorecr.
                                                             (line 2265)
* \reversemarginpar:                     Marginal notes.     (line 2885)
* \rfloor:                               Math symbols.       (line 3394)
* \rhd:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3397)
* \rho:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3400)
* \right:                                Math miscellany.    (line 3791)
* \Rightarrow:                           Math symbols.       (line 3403)
* \rightarrow:                           Math symbols.       (line 3406)
* \rightharpoondown:                     Math symbols.       (line 3409)
* \rightharpoonup:                       Math symbols.       (line 3412)
* \rightleftharpoons:                    Math symbols.       (line 3415)
* \rightmargin:                          itemize.            (line 1376)
* \rm:                                   Font styles.        (line  554)
* \rmfamily:                             Font styles.        (line  469)
* \roman:                                \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
                                                             (line 2693)
* \roman <1>:                            \alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol.
                                                             (line 2696)
* \rq:                                   Text symbols.       (line 4347)
* \rule:                                 \rule.              (line 4620)
* \S:                                    Text symbols.       (line 4350)
* \savebox:                              \savebox.           (line 4231)
* \sbox:                                 \sbox.              (line 4243)
* \sc:                                   Font styles.        (line  557)
* \scriptsize:                           Font sizes.         (line  577)
* \scshape:                              Font styles.        (line  493)
* \searrow:                              Math symbols.       (line 3418)
* \sec:                                  Math functions.     (line 3685)
* \section:                              Sectioning.         (line  812)
* \seename:                              Indexes.            (line 4802)
* \selectfont:                           Low-level font commands.
                                                             (line  657)
* \setcounter:                           \setcounter.        (line 2738)
* \setlength:                            \setlength.         (line 2784)
* \setminus:                             Math symbols.       (line 3421)
* \settodepth:                           \settodepth.        (line 2797)
* \settoheight:                          \settoheight.       (line 2805)
* \settowidth:                           \settowidth.        (line 2813)
* \sf:                                   Font styles.        (line  560)
* \sffamily:                             Font styles.        (line  490)
* \sharp:                                Math symbols.       (line 3424)
* \shortstack:                           \shortstack.        (line 1720)
* \Sigma:                                Math symbols.       (line 3427)
* \sigma:                                Math symbols.       (line 3430)
* \signature:                            \signature.         (line 4948)
* \sim:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3433)
* \simeq:                                Math symbols.       (line 3436)
* \sin:                                  Math functions.     (line 3688)
* \sinh:                                 Math functions.     (line 3691)
* \sl:                                   Font styles.        (line  563)
* \slshape:                              Font styles.        (line  487)
* \small:                                Font sizes.         (line  577)
* \smallint:                             Math symbols.       (line 3439)
* \smallskip:                            \bigskip \medskip \smallskip.
                                                             (line 4076)
* \smallskipamount:                      \bigskip \medskip \smallskip.
                                                             (line 4076)
* \smile:                                Math symbols.       (line 3442)
* \SPACE:                                \SPACE.             (line 3991)
* \spadesuit:                            Math symbols.       (line 3445)
* \sqcap:                                Math symbols.       (line 3448)
* \sqcup:                                Math symbols.       (line 3451)
* \sqrt[ROOT]{arg}:                      Math miscellany.    (line 3802)
* \sqsubset:                             Math symbols.       (line 3454)
* \sqsubseteq:                           Math symbols.       (line 3457)
* \sqsupset:                             Math symbols.       (line 3460)
* \sqsupseteq:                           Math symbols.       (line 3463)
* \ss (ss):                              Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4611)
* \SS (SS):                              Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4611)
* \stackrel{TEXT}{RELATION}:             Math miscellany.    (line 3808)
* \star:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3466)
* \startbreaks:                          \startbreaks.       (line 4954)
* \stepcounter:                          \stepcounter.       (line 2761)
* \stop:                                 Command line.       (line 5018)
* \stopbreaks:                           \stopbreaks.        (line 4961)
* \subparagraph:                         Sectioning.         (line  816)
* \subsection:                           Sectioning.         (line  813)
* \subset:                               Math symbols.       (line 3469)
* \subseteq:                             Math symbols.       (line 3472)
* \subsubsection:                        Sectioning.         (line  814)
* \succ:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3475)
* \succeq:                               Math symbols.       (line 3478)
* \sum:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3481)
* \sup:                                  Math functions.     (line 3694)
* \supset:                               Math symbols.       (line 3484)
* \supseteq:                             Math symbols.       (line 3487)
* \surd:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3490)
* \swarrow:                              Math symbols.       (line 3493)
* \symbol:                               Reserved characters.
                                                             (line 4290)
* \t (tie-after accent):                 Accents.            (line 4550)
* \TAB:                                  \SPACE.             (line 3991)
* \tabbingsep:                           tabbing.            (line 1853)
* \tabcolsep:                            tabular.            (line 2004)
* \tableofcontents:                      Tables of contents. (line 4709)
* \tan:                                  Math functions.     (line 3697)
* \tanh:                                 Math functions.     (line 3700)
* \tau:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3496)
* \telephone:                            \telephone.         (line 4968)
* \TeX:                                  Text symbols.       (line 4353)
* \textascenderwordmark:                 Text symbols.       (line 4391)
* \textasciicircum:                      Text symbols.       (line 4356)
* \textasciitilde:                       Text symbols.       (line 4359)
* \textasteriskcentered:                 Text symbols.       (line 4362)
* \textbackslash:                        Text symbols.       (line 4365)
* \textbar:                              Text symbols.       (line 4368)
* \textbardbl:                           Text symbols.       (line 4371)
* \textbf:                               Font styles.        (line  481)
* \textbigcircle:                        Text symbols.       (line 4374)
* \textbraceleft:                        Text symbols.       (line 4377)
* \textbraceright:                       Text symbols.       (line 4380)
* \textbullet:                           Text symbols.       (line 4383)
* \textcapitalwordmark:                  Text symbols.       (line 4390)
* \textcircled{LETTER}:                  Text symbols.       (line 4386)
* \textcompwordmark:                     Text symbols.       (line 4389)
* \textcopyright:                        Text symbols.       (line 4307)
* \textdagger:                           Text symbols.       (line 4396)
* \textdaggerdbl:                        Text symbols.       (line 4399)
* \textdollar (or '$'):                  Text symbols.       (line 4402)
* \textellipsis:                         Text symbols.       (line 4328)
* \textemdash (or '---'):                Text symbols.       (line 4405)
* \textendash (or '--'):                 Text symbols.       (line 4408)
* \texteuro:                             Text symbols.       (line 4411)
* \textexclamdown (or '!`'):             Text symbols.       (line 4414)
* \textfloatsep:                         figure.             (line 1245)
* \textfraction:                         figure.             (line 1225)
* \textgreater:                          Text symbols.       (line 4417)
* \textheight:                           Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  761)
* \textit:                               Font styles.        (line  472)
* \textleftarrow:                        Text symbols.       (line 4423)
* \textless:                             Text symbols.       (line 4420)
* \textmd:                               Font styles.        (line  478)
* \textnormal:                           Font styles.        (line  499)
* \textordfeminine:                      Text symbols.       (line 4426)
* \textordmasculine:                     Text symbols.       (line 4427)
* \textparagraph:                        Text symbols.       (line 4336)
* \textperiodcentered:                   Text symbols.       (line 4430)
* \textquestiondown (or '?`'):           Text symbols.       (line 4433)
* \textquotedblleft (or '``'):           Text symbols.       (line 4436)
* \textquotedblright (or '''):           Text symbols.       (line 4439)
* \textquoteleft (or '`'):               Text symbols.       (line 4442)
* \textquoteright (or '''):              Text symbols.       (line 4445)
* \textquotestraightbase:                Text symbols.       (line 4448)
* \textquotestraightdblbase:             Text symbols.       (line 4449)
* \textregistered:                       Text symbols.       (line 4452)
* \textrightarrow:                       Text symbols.       (line 4455)
* \textrm:                               Font styles.        (line  469)
* \textsc:                               Font styles.        (line  493)
* \textsf:                               Font styles.        (line  490)
* \textsl:                               Font styles.        (line  487)
* \textsterling:                         Text symbols.       (line 4340)
* \textthreequartersemdash:              Text symbols.       (line 4458)
* \texttrademark:                        Text symbols.       (line 4461)
* \texttt:                               Font styles.        (line  496)
* \texttwelveudash:                      Text symbols.       (line 4464)
* \textunderscore:                       Text symbols.       (line 4467)
* \textup:                               Font styles.        (line  484)
* \textvisiblespace:                     Text symbols.       (line 4470)
* \textwidth:                            Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  768)
* \th (th):                              Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4615)
* \TH (TH):                              Non-English characters.
                                                             (line 4615)
* \thanks{TEXT}:                         \maketitle.         (line 3883)
* \theta:                                Math symbols.       (line 3499)
* \thicklines:                           \thicklines.        (line 1664)
* \thinlines:                            \thinlines.         (line 1671)
* \thinspace:                            \thinspace.         (line 4017)
* \thispagestyle:                        \thispagestyle.     (line 3950)
* \tilde:                                Math accents.       (line 3743)
* \times:                                Math symbols.       (line 3502)
* \tiny:                                 Font sizes.         (line  577)
* \title{TEXT}:                          \maketitle.         (line 3887)
* \to:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3505)
* \today:                                \today.             (line 4639)
* \top:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3508)
* \topfraction:                          figure.             (line 1230)
* \topmargin:                            Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  792)
* \topnumber:                            figure.             (line 1255)
* \topsep:                               itemize.            (line 1394)
* \topskip:                              Page layout parameters.
                                                             (line  799)
* \totalheight:                          Predefined lengths. (line 2825)
* \totalnumber:                          figure.             (line 1259)
* \triangle:                             Math symbols.       (line 3511)
* \triangleleft:                         Math symbols.       (line 3514)
* \triangleright:                        Math symbols.       (line 3517)
* \tt:                                   Font styles.        (line  566)
* \ttfamily:                             Font styles.        (line  496)
* \twocolumn:                            \twocolumn.         (line  679)
* \typein:                               \typein.            (line 4979)
* \typeout:                              \typeout.           (line 4993)
* \u (breve accent):                     Accents.            (line 4555)
* \unboldmath:                           Math formulas.      (line 2940)
* \underbar:                             Accents.            (line 4558)
* \underbrace{math}:                     Math miscellany.    (line 3812)
* \underline{text}:                      Math miscellany.    (line 3815)
* \unitlength:                           picture.            (line 1496)
* \unlhd:                                Math symbols.       (line 3520)
* \unrhd:                                Math symbols.       (line 3523)
* \Uparrow:                              Math symbols.       (line 3526)
* \uparrow:                              Math symbols.       (line 3529)
* \Updownarrow:                          Math symbols.       (line 3532)
* \updownarrow:                          Math symbols.       (line 3535)
* \uplus:                                Math symbols.       (line 3538)
* \upshape:                              Font styles.        (line  484)
* \Upsilon:                              Math symbols.       (line 3541)
* \upsilon:                              Math symbols.       (line 3544)
* \usebox:                               \usebox.            (line 4255)
* \usecounter:                           \usecounter.        (line 2713)
* \usefont:                              Low-level font commands.
                                                             (line  661)
* \usepackage:                           Document class options.
                                                             (line  434)
* \v (breve accent):                     Accents.            (line 4565)
* \value:                                \value.             (line 2724)
* \varepsilon:                           Math symbols.       (line 3547)
* \varphi:                               Math symbols.       (line 3550)
* \varpi:                                Math symbols.       (line 3553)
* \varrho:                               Math symbols.       (line 3556)
* \varsigma:                             Math symbols.       (line 3559)
* \vartheta:                             Math symbols.       (line 3562)
* \vdash:                                Math symbols.       (line 3565)
* \vdots:                                Math miscellany.    (line 3820)
* \vdots <1>:                            Math miscellany.    (line 3821)
* \vec:                                  Math accents.       (line 3746)
* \vector:                               \vector.            (line 1739)
* \vee:                                  Math symbols.       (line 3568)
* \verb:                                 \verb.              (line 2207)
* \Vert:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3571)
* \vert:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3574)
* \vfill:                                \vfill.             (line 4084)
* \vline:                                \vline.             (line 2052)
* \vspace:                               \vspace.            (line 4091)
* \wedge:                                Math symbols.       (line 3577)
* \widehat:                              Math accents.       (line 3749)
* \widehat <1>:                          Math accents.       (line 3752)
* \width:                                Predefined lengths. (line 2819)
* \wp:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3580)
* \wr:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3583)
* \Xi:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3586)
* \xi:                                   Math symbols.       (line 3589)
* \year:                                 \day \month \year.  (line 2767)
* \zeta:                                 Math symbols.       (line 3592)
* \[:                                    Math formulas.      (line 2927)
* \\ (for 'array'):                      array.              (line  960)
* \\ (for 'center'):                     center.             (line  992)
* \\ (for 'eqnarray'):                   eqnarray.           (line 1124)
* \\ (for 'flushright'):                 flushright.         (line 1300)
* \\ (for '\shortstack' objects):        \shortstack.        (line 1734)
* \\ (tabbing):                          tabbing.            (line 1798)
* \\ for 'flushleft':                    flushleft.          (line 1274)
* \\ for letters:                        Letters.            (line 4854)
* \\ for 'tabular':                      tabular.            (line 1915)
* \\ for 'verse':                        verse.              (line 2235)
* \\ for '\author':                      \maketitle.         (line 3874)
* \\ for '\title':                       \maketitle.         (line 3888)
* \\ force line break:                   \\.                 (line 2255)
* \\* (for 'eqnarray'):                  eqnarray.           (line 1129)
* \]:                                    Math formulas.      (line 2927)
* \^:                                    Reserved characters.
                                                             (line 4286)
* \^ (circumflex accent):                Accents.            (line 4503)
* \_:                                    Reserved characters.
                                                             (line 4276)
* \` (grave accent):                     Accents.            (line 4507)
* \` (tabbing):                          tabbing.            (line 1825)
* \{:                                    Reserved characters.
                                                             (line 4276)
* \|:                                    Math symbols.       (line 2967)
* \}:                                    Reserved characters.
                                                             (line 4276)
* \~:                                    Reserved characters.
                                                             (line 4286)
* \~ (tilde accent):                     Accents.            (line 4513)
* ^:                                     Subscripts & superscripts.
                                                             (line 2953)
* _:                                     Subscripts & superscripts.
                                                             (line 2953)
* {...} for required arguments:          Overview.           (line  325)
* a4paper option:                        Document class options.
                                                             (line  384)
* a5paper option:                        Document class options.
                                                             (line  384)
* abstract environment:                  abstract.           (line  929)
* array environment:                     array.              (line  940)
* article class:                         Document classes.   (line  361)
* b5paper option:                        Document class options.
                                                             (line  384)
* book class:                            Document classes.   (line  361)
* center environment:                    center.             (line  985)
* description environment:               description.        (line 1022)
* displaymath environment:               displaymath.        (line 1045)
* displaymath environment <1>:           Math formulas.      (line 2917)
* document environment:                  document.           (line 1065)
* draft option:                          Document class options.
                                                             (line  389)
* enumerate environment:                 enumerate.          (line 1071)
* eqnarray environment:                  eqnarray.           (line 1109)
* equation environment:                  equation.           (line 1144)
* equation environment <1>:              Math formulas.      (line 2917)
* executivepaper option:                 Document class options.
                                                             (line  384)
* figure:                                figure.             (line 1157)
* final option:                          Document class options.
                                                             (line  389)
* fleqn option:                          Document class options.
                                                             (line  389)
* flushleft environment:                 flushleft.          (line 1268)
* flushright environment:                flushright.         (line 1294)
* indexspace:                            Indexes.            (line 4814)
* itemize environment:                   itemize.            (line 1320)
* landscape option:                      Document class options.
                                                             (line  389)
* latex command:                         Overview.           (line  292)
* <latexrefman-discuss@gna.org> email address: About this document.
                                                             (line  252)
* legalpaper option:                     Document class options.
                                                             (line  384)
* leqno option:                          Document class options.
                                                             (line  389)
* letter:                                letter.             (line 1422)
* letter class:                          Document classes.   (line  361)
* letterpaper option:                    Document class options.
                                                             (line  384)
* list:                                  list.               (line 1427)
* lR box:                                picture.            (line 1552)
* lrbox:                                 lrbox.              (line 4140)
* lualatex command:                      Overview.           (line  306)
* math environment:                      math.               (line 1452)
* math environment <1>:                  Math formulas.      (line 2917)
* minipage environment:                  minipage.           (line 1464)
* notitlepage option:                    Document class options.
                                                             (line  389)
* onecolumn option:                      Document class options.
                                                             (line  409)
* oneside option:                        Document class options.
                                                             (line  409)
* openany option:                        Document class options.
                                                             (line  409)
* openbib option:                        Document class options.
                                                             (line  389)
* openright option:                      Document class options.
                                                             (line  409)
* pdflatex command:                      Overview.           (line  300)
* picture:                               picture.            (line 1492)
* printindex:                            Indexes.            (line 4810)
* quotation:                             quotation.          (line 1750)
* quote:                                 quote.              (line 1765)
* report class:                          Document classes.   (line  361)
* secnumdepth counter:                   Sectioning.         (line  848)
* slides class:                          Document classes.   (line  361)
* tabbing environment:                   tabbing.            (line 1780)
* table:                                 table.              (line 1871)
* tabular environment:                   tabular.            (line 1898)
* textcomp package:                      Text symbols.       (line 4302)
* thebibliography:                       thebibliography.    (line 2059)
* theorem environment:                   theorem.            (line 2160)
* titlepage environment:                 titlepage.          (line 2173)
* titlepage option:                      Document class options.
                                                             (line  389)
* twocolumn option:                      Document class options.
                                                             (line  409)
* twoside option:                        Document class options.
                                                             (line  409)
* verbatim environment:                  verbatim.           (line 2190)
* verse environment:                     verse.              (line 2224)
* xelatex command:                       Overview.           (line  309)

